Page 13 - Ranger SPM 2022 Biology

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
Graph
1. Elements needed to plot a line graph are:
(a) Title of graph
‘Graph of (responding variable) against (manipulated variable)’
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(b) Axes labels of graph
Horizontal axis: Manipulated variable with the unit
Vertical axis: Responding variable with the unit
(c) Uniform scale on both axes
(d) Plot all the points by referring to the data in the table with a suitable symbol
such as ‘x’.

Bar chart and Histogram
1. Table 1.2 shows the differences between a bar chart and histogram.
Form 4
Table 1.2 Differences between a bar chart and histogram
Bar chart Histogram

Concentration of vitamin C Number of leaves against
against types of fruit juices length of leaves

Concentration of vitamin C (mg cm –3 ) Number of leaves

Types of fruit juices Length of leaves/ cm

• Used to show frequency distribution of data
• Used to compare different categories of data
in a range of values
• Equal space between bars • No space between bars
• Equal bar width • May have non-uniform bar width

Biological Drawing 4. No labels using arrowheads
Characteristics of Biological Drawing 5. Drawings must have suitable title
1. Drawings must be drawn big and 6. Plan drawing: Line drawing that
accurate using sharp pencil shows outline of a structure
2. No artistic shading 7. Detailed drawing: Drawing that
3. Lines drawn must be clear, continuous shows cells of a structure
and without overlapping

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F4 Chapter 1.indd 6 3/29/22 3:10 PM