Page 14 - Ranger SPM 2022 Biology

Biology SPM Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology and Laboratory Rules
Plane, Section and Direction
Plane

Sagittal Plane
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• Divides the body into two, left and right sections
• Forward and backward types of movement occur in this plane
Horizontal plane
• Divides the body into two, upper and lower sections
• Rotation type of movement occur in this plane

Form 4
Frontal Plane
• Divides the body into two, frontal and rear sections

Figure 1.5 Sagittal plane, horizontal plane and frontal plane
Section

Longitudinal section divides a structure Cross section divides a structure into
into left and right sections. upper and lower sections.

Figure 1.6 Types of section in organism
Direction
1. The term ‘direction’ is used to provide location of structures or other position of
body.
2. This is useful when studying anatomy as a communication method in biology.

The term ‘direction’ in organism based on anatomy:
• Superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
• Anterior or ventral (towards the front portion of the
body) and posterior or dorsal (towards the back
portion of the body)
• Medial (towards the midline) and lateral (towards the
side of the body)
• Proximal (towards the point of origin) and distal (away
from point of origin)

Figure 1.7 Types of direction
in organism

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F4 Chapter 1.indd 7 3/29/22 3:10 PM