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Some dosage will be absorbed upon the interaction
with the substance in the environment. In this case,
the term absorbed dose or exposure is used to de-
scribe the amount of radiation absorbed by the sur-
rounding area. Unit use to describe absorbed dose or
exposure in the surrounding area is the Roentgen. It
is explained the amount of energy in Joule deposited
by radiation is that transferred into the surrounding air.
It is defined that 1 Roentgen ≡ 0.878 × 10–2 J/kg or
an amount of radiation that is transferred by X-rays or
gamma ray into a total weight 1 kilogram of air.

Due to not only gamma radiation can cause ioniz-
ing into the surrounding substance and the radiation
itself is very energetic, Where there also other type of
radiations such as alpha, beta, neutron, X-ray and etc
which also very energetic, The unit used in this case is
the rad because it is described the energy deposited
by the radiation into some types of material per each
kilogram weight. It is defined that 1 rad ≡ 1.00 × 10–2
J/kg of energy absorbed by 1 kg of materials. However,
rad is not the SI unit of absorbed dose but SI unit of ab-
sorbed dose is a gray (Gy) instead, The relationship
between rad and gray is 1 Gy ≡ 1.0J/kg≡ 100.0rad.

Not only the type of radiation determine how much
dose absorbed by the materials but also the type of
materials itself determine the quantity of dose absorbed
by the materials. For example, X-rays mostly will ab-
sorb by the bone compared with the skin even the skin

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