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Revolution. In 1764, James Hargreaves developed spinning Jenny which was named
after his wife, could run 8 spinning wheels at time. Spinning Jenny brought rapid
change in spinning thread but did not affect much on the practice of cottage industries.
Ark Wright invented water Frame spinning Machines in 1769 AD, which could be run
by water force or even by animals. This helped to raise large factories in place of cotton
factories. Samuel Crompton developed Mule on the basis of Jenny and Water Frame
from which better quality threads were produced. Now, there were enough thread but
the number of weaver was less as weaving was still done by manual labour.

In 1784, power loom was invented by Edmund Cartwright, which could be run by
water force but it was limited to cotton textile only. So water force was used both in
spinning and weaving. It brought a great change in production of clothes.

In dry season water force was not enough when the river would have less water.
When James Watt invented steam engine, the problem was solved. The steam power
was not limited to spinning and weaving but also used in industries, transportation
and press house.

Inventions and Innovations

When engine was invented, iron and coal were highly required to make engines and to
operate them. In 1760 coal was used to mould iron. In 1779 the first iron bridge was
constructed and the first ship was made in 1790. The safety lamp was made in 1837
to work in the coal mine.

Now the large quantity of goods were produced and there was the problem of marketing
of the products, raw materials, iron and coal that made necessary to invent the means
of transportation and communication.

Transport and Communication

John Macdom introduced the idea of road construction. In 1807 ships were used.
th
George Stephenson made train engine on 25 July, 1814 and train in 1825 Benjamin
Franklin invented electricity and Morsey invented the telegraph in 1837. Similarly,
Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. Michael Faraday invented the electric
bulb in 1831 and Marcony invented the Radio and the wireless in 1895. These
inventions led to great revolution in the field of transportation and communication
which accelerated the pace of industrialization.

Effects of Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution had several over arching and long term effects on human life.
Some of the effects of Industrial Revolution are given below:

1. Revolution in Agriculture
The traditional and subsistence farming was changed into scientific and
commercial farming. Advanced tools, technologies, improved seeds, insecticides and
pesticides were used for better yielding cash crops, food crops, hybrid plantation,
fodders for animals and improved races of livestock were equally prioritized.
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