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CHAPTER 11: DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP DIVERSITY 353
48 Reported in Tamar Lewin, “The New Gender Divide: At Colleges, 64 Geert Hofstede, “The Interaction between National and Organizational
Women Are Leaving Men in the Dust,” The New York Times Value Systems,” Journal of Management Studies 22 (1985), pp.
(July 9, 2006), Section 1, p. 1; and Mary Beth Marklein, “College 347–357; and Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life
Gender Gap Widens: 57% Are Women,” USA Today (October 20, Concept,” Academy of Management Review 9 (1984), pp. 389–398.
2005), p. A1. 65 Debby Young, “Team Heat,” CIO, Section 1 (September 1, 1998),
49 Lewin, “At Colleges, Women Are Leaving Men in the Dust.” pp. 43–51.
50 Michelle Conlin, “The New Gender Gap,” BusinessWeek (May 26, 66 Geert Hofstede, “Cultural Constraints in Management Theories,”
2003), pp. 74–82. excerpted in Dorothy Marcic and Sheila M. Puffer, Management
51 Quoted in Conlin, “The New Gender Gap.” International: Cases, Exercises, and Readings (St. Paul, MN: West
52 Kathryn M. Bartol, David C. Martin, and Julie A. Kromkowski, Publishing, 1994), p. 24.
“Leadership and the Glass Ceiling: Gender and Ethnic Group 67 The discussion of cultural intelligence is based on P. Christopher
Influences on Leader Behaviors at Middle and Executive Managerial Earley and Elaine Mosakowski, “Cultural Intelligence,” Harvard
Levels,” The Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 9, no. Business Review (October 2004), p. 139; Ilan Alon and James
3 (2003), pp. 8–19; Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio, “Shatter M. Higgins, “Global Leadership Success Through Emotional and
the Glass Ceiling: Women May Make Better Managers,” Human Cultural Intelligence,” Business Horizons 48 (2005), pp. 501–512;
Resource Management 33, no. 4 (Winter 1994), pp. 549–560; P. C. Earley and Soon Ang, Cultural Intelligence: Individual Actions
and Rochelle Sharpe, “As Leaders, Women Rule,” BusinessWeek Across Cultures (Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books); and David
(November 20, 2002), pp. 75–84. C. Thomas and Kerr Inkson, Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for
53 Bass and Avolio, “Shatter the Glass Ceiling.” Global Business (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2004).
54 Dwight D. Frink, Robert K. Robinson, Brian Reithel, Michelle M. 68 These components are from Earley and Mosakowski, “Cultural
Arthur, Anthony P. Ammeter, Gerald R. Ferris, David M. Kaplan, Intelligence.”
and Hubert S. Morrisette, “Gender Demography and Organization 69 Karl Moore, “Great Global Managers,” Across the Board (May–June
Performance: A Two-Study Investigation with Convergence,” Group & 2003), pp. 40–43.
Organization Management 28, no. 1 (March 2003), pp. 127–147; 70 Alison M. Konrad, Roger Kashlak, Izumi Yoshioka, Robert Waryszak,
Catalyst research project cited in Reinhold, “Smashing Glass and Nina Toren, “What Do Managers Like to Do?” Group and
Ceilings.” Organization Management 26, no. 4 (December 2001), pp. 401–433.
55 The study on competitiveness was reported in Hal R. Varian, 71 Harry C. Triandis, “The Contingency Model in Cross-Cultural
“The Difference Between Men and Women, Revisited: It’s About Perspective,” in Martin M. Chemers and Roya Ayman, eds.,
Competition,” The New York Times (March 9, 2006), p. C3. For Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions (San
recent reviews and analyses of the research on gender differences in Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., 1993), pp. 167–188; and Peter B.
leadership, see Nicole Z. Stelter, “Gender Differences in Leadership: Smith and Mark F. Peterson, Leadership, Organizations, and Culture:
Current Social Issues and Future Organizational Implications,” The An Event Management Model (London: Sage, 1988).
Journal of Leadership Studies 8, no. 4 (2002), pp. 88–99; and Alice 72 Renee Blank and Sandra Slipp, “The White Male: An Endangered
H. Eagly, Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and Marloes L. van Engen, Species?” Management Review (September 1994), pp. 27–32; and
“Transformational, Transactional, and Laissez-Faire Leadership Sharon Nelton, “Nurturing Diversity,” Nation’s Business (June
Styles: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Women and Men,” Psychological 1995), pp. 25–27.
Bulletin 129, no. 4 (July 2003), p. 569ff. 73 Based on M. Bennett, “A Developmental Approach to Training
56 Lena Williams, “A Silk Blouse on the Assembly Line? (Yes, the Boss’s),” for Intercultural Sensitivity,” International Journal of Intercultural
The New York Times (February 5, 1995) Business Section, p. 7. Relations 10 (1986), pp. 179–196.
57 Based on Rosener, America’s Competitive Secret, pp. 129–135. 74 “Allstate CEO Receives Top Diversity Honors,” Business Wire
58 Sharon Daloz Parks, “What Artists Know About Leadership,” (October 30, 2006).
(November 7, 2005), an excerpt from Leadership Can Be Taught, 75 Martin M. Chemers and Roya Ayman, Leadership Theory and
published by Harvard Business School Press, accessed on April 5, Research: Perspectives and Directions (San Diego, CA: Academic
2007 at http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/5076.html Press, 1993), p. 209.
59 Susan J. Wells, “A Female Executive Is Hard to Find,” HR Magazine 76 Susan J. Wells, “Smoothing the Way,” HR Magazine (June 2001),
(June 2001), pp. 40–49; and Helgesen, The Female Advantage. pp. 52–58.
60 M. Fine, F. Johnson, and M. S. Ryan, “Cultural Diversity in the 77 Irwin Speizer, “Diversity on the Menu,” Workforce Management
Workforce,” Public Personnel Management 19 (1990), pp. 305–319; (November 2004), p. 41ff; Daniel Valentine, “King Award Given
and Dawn Hill, “Women Leaders Doing It Their Way,” New to Denny’s Executive,” Capital (January 15, 2006), p. D1; Jim
Woman (January 1994), p. 78. Adamson, “How Denny’s Went from Icon of Racism to Diversity
61 Helen Bloom, “Can the United States Export Diversity?” Across the Award Winner,” Journal of Organizational Excellence (Winter
Board (March/April 2002), pp. 47–51. 2000), pp. 55–68; Sonia Alleyne and Nicole Marie Richardson,
62 Michael Orey, “Trouble at Toyota,” BusinessWeek (May 22, 2006), “The 40 Best Companies for Diversity,” Black Enterprise (July
pp. 46–48. 2006), p. 100ff; and “Denny’s Diversity Facts,” accessed at http://
63 “Molding Global Leaders,” Fortune (October 11, 1999), p. 270. www.dennys.com.