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110 UNIT II Nursing Philosophies

TABLE 8-1 Research Publications Related to the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring
Year Citation Research Focus and Findings

1981 Ray, M. A. Study of caring within an The dissertation analyzed the meaning of caring expressions and
institutional culture. Dissertation behaviors among 192 participants in a hospital culture. The
Abstracts International, 42(06). substantive theory of Differential Caring and the formal Theory
(University Microfilm No. 8127787.) of Bureaucratic Caring were abstracted.
1984 Ray, M. The development of a classifica- The discussion examines the construct of caring within the cultural
tion system of institutional caring. context of the hospital. The classification system included cultural
In M. Leininger (Ed.), Care: The caring symbols of psychological, practical, interactional, and
essence of nursing and health. philosophical factors.
Thorofare, NJ: Slack.
1987 Ray, M. Technological caring: A new This phenomenological study examined the meaning of caring to
model in critical care. Dimensions in critical care unit nurses. The study showed that ethical decisions,
Critical Care Nursing,.(3), 166-173. moral reasoning, and choice undergo a process of growth and
maturation.
1989 Ray, M. A. The theory of bureaucratic Caring within the organizational culture was the focus of the study.
caring for nursing practice in the It describes the substantive Theory of Differential Caring and the
organizational culture. Nursing formal Theory of Bureaucratic Caring. With caring at the center
Administration Quarterly, 13(2), 31-42. of the model, the study included ethical, spiritual-religious,
economic, technological-physiological, legal, political, and
educational-social structures.
1989 Valentine, K. Caring is more than Nurses, patients, and corporate health managers provided quantita-
kindness: Modeling its complexities. tive and qualitative data to define caring. Data were organized
Journal of Nursing Administration, using the categorization schema developed by Ray (1984).
19(11), 28-34.
1993 Ray, M. A. A study of care processes This descriptive study investigated access to care processes in a
using total quality management as a military regional hospital emergency service using a total quality
framework in a USAF regional hospital management framework. The study lends support to the need for
emergency service and related a decentralized, coordinated health care system with greater
services. Military Medicine, 158(6), authority and control given to local commands.
396-403.
1997 Ray, M. The ethical theory of existential Existential authenticity was uncovered as the unity of meaning of
authenticity: The lived experience of caring by nurse administrators. This was described as an ethic of
the art of caring in nursing adminis- living and caring for the good of nursing staff members and the
tration. Canadian Journal of Nursing good of the organization.
Research, 29(1), 111-126.
1998 Ray, M. A. A phenomenologic study of This phenomenological study examined the meaning of caring for
the interface of caring and technology technologically dependent patients. Results revealed that vulnera-
in intermediate care: Toward a reflex- bility, suffering, and the ethical situations of moral blurring and
ive ethics for clinical practice. Holistic moral blindness were the dynamics of caring for these patients.
Nursing Practice, 12(4), 69-77.
2000 Turkel, M., & Ray, M. Relational The formal Theory of Relational Complexity illuminated that the
complexity: A theory of the nurse- caring relationship is complex and dynamic, is both process and
patient relationship within an outcome, and is a function of both economic and caring variables;
economic context. Nursing Science that, as a mutual process, is lived all at once as relational and
Quarterly, 13(4), 307-313. system self-organization.