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CHAPTER 8 Marilyn Anne Ray 109

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FIGURE 8-3 Nevada State College Nursing Organizing Framework. (Reprinted with permission from
Nevada State College School of Nursing, Henderson, NV, 2010. Graphics redrawn from originals by J. Castle,
Nevada State College, Henderson, NV.)

lens of caring. The evolution of Ray’s research methods goals are to capture the unity of meaning and to syn-
began with ethnography-ethnonursing, grounded the- thesize meanings into a theory.
ory, and phenomenology, culminating in Caring Based on the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring, Ray and
Inquiry and Complex Caring Dynamics approaches Turkel have developed a program of research that fo-
(Ray, 2011). These approaches consist of the generation cuses on nursing in complex organizations (Davidson,
of data by inquiry into the meaning of participants’ life- Ray, & Turkel, 2011; Ray, Turkel, & Cohn, 2011). These
world and relational experiences. Interviews and studies further explored the meaning of caring and the
narrative discourse are the primary methods of data nature of nursing among hospital nurses, administra-
generation in these approaches. In Caring Inquiry, an tors, and clients-patients. A TriService Nursing Research
ontology of caring is a part of the approach, in that Program grant supported extensive research on nursing
Complex Caring Dynamics includes qualitative data as an economic resource. Table 8-1 outlines publications
generation and analysis, as well as complex quantitative that describe this ongoing program.
research data collection and analysis techniques. The
researcher dwells on the essential meanings of phe-
nomena and through further reflection facilitates the Further Development
interpretation of interview data, transforming data into Development of the Theory of Bureaucratic Caring is
interpretative themes and meta-themes. The ultimate ongoing in Ray’s program of research and scholarship.