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304 UNIT III Nursing Conceptual Models

the philosophical foundation of the nursing curricu-
lum. The Roy Adaptation Model was first presented Theoretical Sources
in the literature in an article published in Nursing Derivation of the Roy Adaptation Model for nursing
Outlook in 1970 entitled “Adaptation: A Conceptual included a citation of Harry Helson’s work in psycho-
Framework for Nursing” (Roy, 1970). physics that extended to social and behavioral sciences
Roy was an associate professor and chairperson of (Roy, 1984). In Helson’s adaptation theory, adaptive
the Department of Nursing at Mount Saint Mary’s responses are a function of the incoming stimulus and
College until 1982. She was promoted to the rank of the adaptive level (Roy, 1984). A stimulus is any factor
professor in 1983 at both Mount Saint Mary’s College that provokes a response. Stimuli may arise from the
and the University of Portland. She helped initiate and internal or the external environment (Roy, 1984).
taught in a summer master’s program at the University The adaptation level is made up of the pooled effect of
of Portland. From 1983 to 1985, she was a Robert the following three classes of stimuli:
Wood Johnson postdoctoral fellow at the University of 1. Focal stimuli immediately confront the individual.
California, San Francisco, as a clinical nurse scholar 2. Contextual stimuli are all other stimuli present that
in neuroscience. During this time, she conducted contribute to the effect of the focal stimulus.
research on nursing interventions for cognitive recov- 3. Residual stimuli are environmental factors of which
ery in head injuries and on the influence of nursing the effects are unclear in a given situation.
models on clinical decision making. In 1987, Roy Helson’s work developed the concept of the adapta-
began the newly created position of nurse theorist at tion level zone, which determines whether a stimulus
Boston College School of Nursing. will elicit a positive or negative response. According
Roy has published many books, chapters, and peri- to Helson’s theory, adaptation is the process of
odical articles and has presented numerous lectures and responding positively to environmental changes (Roy
workshops focusing on her nursing adaptation theory & Roberts, 1981).
(Roy & Andrews, 1991). The refinement and restatement Roy (Roy & Roberts, 1981) combined Helson’s
of the Roy Adaptation Model is published in her 1999 work with Rapoport’s definition of system to view
book, The Roy Adaptation Model (Roy & Andrews, 1999). the person as an adaptive system. With Helson’s
Roy is a member of Sigma Theta Tau, and she adaptation theory as a foundation, Roy (1970) devel-
received the National Founder’s Award for Excellence oped and further refined the model with concepts
in Fostering Professional Nursing Standards in 1981. and theory from Dohrenwend, Lazarus, Mechanic,
Her achievements include an Honorary Doctorate and Selye. Roy gave special credit to co-authors
of Humane Letters from Alverno College (1984), hon- Driever, for outlining subdivisions of self-integrity,
orary doctorates from Eastern Michigan University and Martinez and Sato, for identifying common and
(1985) and St. Joseph’s College in Maine (1999), and an primary stimuli affecting the modes. Other co-
American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award for workers also elaborated the concepts. Poush-Tedrow
Essentials of the Roy Adaptation Model (Andrews & Roy, and Van Landingham made contributions to the
1986). Roy has been recognized as the World Who’s interdependence mode, and Randell made contribu-
Who of Women (1979); Personalities of America tions to the role function mode.
(1978); fellow of the American Academy of Nursing After the development of her model, Roy presented
(1978); recipient of a Fulbright Senior Scholar Award it as a framework for nursing practice, research, and
from the Australian-American Educational Foundation education. Roy (1971) acknowledged that more than
(1989), ) and received the Martha Rogers Award for 1500 faculty and students contributed to the theoreti-
Advancing Nursing Science from the National League cal development of the adaptation model. She pre-
for Nursing (1991). Roy received the Outstanding sented the model as a curriculum framework to a large
Alumna award and the prestigious Carondelet Medal audience at the 1977 Nurse Educator Conference in
from her alma mater, Mount Saint Mary’s. The American Chicago (Roy, 1979). And, by 1987, it was estimated
Academy of Nursing honored Roy for her extraordi- that more than 100,000 nurses in the United States and
nary life achievements by recognizing her as a Living Canada had been prepared to practice using the Roy
Legend (2007). model.