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308 UNIT III Nursing Conceptual Models

Use of Empirical Evidence Major Assumptions

From this beginning, the Roy Adaptation Model has Assumptions from systems theory and assumptions
been supported through research in practice and in from adaptation level theory have been combined
education (Brower & Baker, 1976; Farkas, 1981; Mastal into a single set of scientific assumptions. From
& Hammond, 1980; Meleis, 1985, 2007; Roy, 1980; Roy systems theory, human adaptive systems are viewed
& Obloy, 1978; Wagner, 1976). In 1999 (Roy & as interactive parts that act in unity for some pur-
Andrews, 1999), a group of seven scholars working with pose. Human adaptive systems are complex and
Roy conducted a meta-analysis, critique, and synthesis multifaceted and respond to a myriad of environ-
of 163 studies based on the Roy Adaptation Model that mental stimuli to achieve adaptation. With their
had been published in 44 English language journals on ability to adapt to environmental stimuli, humans
five continents and dissertations and theses from the have the capacity to create changes in the environ-
United States. Of these 163 studies, 116 met the criteria ment (Roy & Andrews, 1999). Drawing on charac-
established for testing propositions from the model. teristics of creation spirituality by Swimme and
Twelve generic propositions based on Roy’s earlier work Berry (1992), Roy combined the assumptions of
were derived. To synthesize the research, findings of humanism and veritivity into a single set of philo-
each study were used to state ancillary and practice sophical assumptions. Humanism asserts that the
propositions, and support for the propositions was person and human experiences are essential to
examined. Of 265 propositions tested, 216 (82%) were knowing and valuing, and that they share in creative
supported. Roy (2011a) presented a comprehensive power. Veritivity affirms the belief in the purpose,
review of research based on the adaptation model for value, and meaning of all human life. These scientific
the last 25 years in Nursing Science Quarterly, volume and philosophical assumptions have been refined
24, number 4. The complete issue is dedicated to honor- for use of the model in the twenty-first century
ing Callista Roy and her life work. (Box 17–1).

BOX 17-1 Vision Basic to Concepts for the Twenty-First Century
Scientific Assumptions
n Systems of matter and energy progress to higher levels of complex self-organization.
n Consciousness and meaning are constitutive of person and environment integration.
n Awareness of self and environment is rooted in thinking and feeling.
n Humans, by their decisions, are accountable for the integration of creative processes.
n Thinking and feeling mediate human action.
n System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence.
n Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relationships.
n Persons and environment transformations are created in human consciousness.
n Integration of human and environment meanings results in adaptation.

Philosophical Assumptions
n Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God.
n Human meaning is rooted in an omega point convergence of the universe.
n God is ultimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation.
n Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith.
n Persons are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining, and transforming the universe.

From Roy, C., & Andrews, H. (1999). The Roy adaptation model (2nd ed., p. 35). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.