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CHAPTER 2 History and Philosophy of Science 21

research and scholarly dialogue. This can be seen with enterprise (Brown, 1977). For example, the popularity
the emergence of middle-range theories that utilize of certain ideologies may influence how phenomena
inductive, deductive, and synthesis theories from are viewed and what problems are selected for
nursing and other disciplines (Peterson & Bredow, study (Hudson, 1972). In addition, the availability
2008; Sieloff & Frey, 2007; Smith & Liehr, 2008). This of funds for research in a specified area may in-
new century of nursing scholarship by nurse scientists crease research activity in that area. However, sci-
and scholars explores nursing phenomena of interest ence does not depend on the personal characteris-
and provides evidence for quality advanced practice. tics or persuasions of any given scientist or group of
scientists, but it is powerfully self-correcting within
the community of scientists (Randall, 1964). Science
Science as a Social Enterprise progresses by the diversity of dialogue within the
The process of scientific inquiry may be viewed as discipline of nursing. The use of a single paradigm,
a social enterprise (Mishler, 1979). In Gale’s words, multiple paradigms, or the creation of a merged
“Human beings do science” (Gale, 1979, p. 290). paradigm from many paradigms is debated in rela-
Therefore, it might be anticipated that social, eco- tionship to the advancement in the epistemology of
nomic, or political factors may influence the scientific nursing.

POINTS FOR FURTHER STUDY
n 100 Basic Philosophical Terms:http://www.str.org/ n Phenomenology: http://plato.stanford.edu/
site/News2?page5NewsArticle&id55493 entries/phenomenology/
n Edmund Husserl: http://plato.stanford.edu/ n Naturalism: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/
entries/husserl/ naturalism/
n Kant’s Philosophy of Science: http://plato.stanford.
edu/entries/kant-science/

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