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MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 51

initial velocity increases the stopping distance
by a factor of 4 (for the same deceleration).
For the car of a particular make, the braking
distance was found to be 10 m, 20 m, 34 m and
50 m corresponding to velocities of 11, 15, 20 Or,
and 25 m/s which are nearly consistent with –2
the above formula. Given d = 21.0 cm and g = 9.8 m s the reaction
time is
Stopping distance is an important factor
considered in setting speed limits, for example, t
in school zones. t

3.7 RELATIVE VELOCITY
Example 3.8 Reaction time : When a
t
situation demands our immediate You must be familiar with the experience of
action, it takes some time before we travelling in a train and being overtaken by
really respond. Reaction time is the another train moving in the same direction as
time a person takes to observe, think you are. While that train must be travelling faster
and act. For example, if a person is than you to be able to pass you, it does seem
driving and suddenly a boy appears on slower to you than it would be to someone
the road, then the time elapsed before standing on the ground and watching both the
he slams the brakes of the car is the trains. In case both the trains have the same
reaction time. Reaction time depends velocity with respect to the ground, then to you
on complexity of the situation and on the other train would seem to be not moving at
an individual. all. To understand such observations, we now
You can measure your reaction time introduce the concept of relative velocity.
by a simple experiment. Take a ruler Consider two objects A and B moving
and ask your friend to drop it vertically uniformly with average velocities v and v in
A B
through the gap between your thumb one dimension, say along x-axis. (Unless
and forefinger (Fig. 3.15). After you otherwise specified, the velocities mentioned in
catch it, find the distance d travelled this chapter are measured with reference to the
by the ruler. In a particular case, d was ground). If x (0) and x (0) are positions of objects
A B
found to be 21.0 cm. Estimate reaction A and B, respectively at time t = 0, their positions
time. x (t) and x (t) at time t are given by:
A B
x (t ) = x (0) + v t (3.12a)
A A A
x (t) = x (0) + v t (3.12b)
B B B
Then, the displacement from object A to object
B is given by
x (t) = x (t) – x (t)
BA B A
= [ x (0) – x (0) ] + (v – v ) t. (3.13)
B A B A
Equation (3.13) is easily interpreted. It tells us
that as seen from object A, object B has a
velocity v – v because the displacement from
B A
A to B changes steadily by the amount v – v in
B A
each unit of time. We say that the velocity of
Fig. 3.15 Measuring the reaction time. object B relative to object A is v – v :
B
A
v = v – v A (3.14a)
BA
B
Answer The ruler drops under free fall.
–2
Therefore, v = 0, and a = – g = –9.8 m s . The Similarly, velocity of object A relative to object B
o
distance travelled d and the reaction time t are is:
r
related by v = v – v B (3.14b)
AB
A

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