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THE MUSLIM EDUCATIONAL METHODOLOGY 185
in partially and which portions they missed, the women and children (and
even the maids and servants) who participated, and the dates and sites of
these readings. Any attendee younger than five was listed with his age and
the designation hadar (~: attended); if older he was mentioned as a regular
student. A signature at the book's conclusion terminated this reading cer-
tificate, indicating that no further entries could be made therein." To the
muhadduhin this certificate was (ibaq (Jl,1), an exclusive licence for those
listed within to read, teach, copy, or quote from that book.
In this manuscript dated 276 A.H. (Figure 12.6) the reading certificate
contains sundry information; note that the attendees have now become a
permanent addendum to the very tide of the work.
Figure 12.6: Jami'if Ibn WGhb J with a reading certficatefrom 276 A.H.
Source: The Egyptian Library, Cairo.
44 There were various means of issuing these certificates, which consisted mostly
of essential and necessary information, though the sequence of information was up
to the writer's discretion.
