Page 313 - Kryukov_M_V_-_Sistema_rodstva_kitaytsev_-_1972

In the period of «Erya» this newly formed differential was extended
-to the relatives of Ego's generation as well. But it is significant enough
that the terminology of «Erya» lacks the terms for BrSo as distinguished
from So (male speaking). Such a term appears not earlier than the 1st
cent. A. D.
Another aspect of the transformation of the earliest model of the
Chinese nomenclature is the abundance of the differential В («belonging
to one of the two exogamic moieties») and its gradual replacement by the
-differential «character of relationship (consanguinity and affinity)». It was
irrelevant to the Yin-Chou system with such terms as «ku» (№ 5) and
«chiu» (6) denoting FaSi; MolBrWi, SpMo arid MoBr, FaSiHu, SpFa
respectively. As a matter of fact, the terms used by women in the Chinese
system appear to be more liable to change than the terms used by men.
The whole history of the Chinese nomenclature is practically the.process
of transformation of the initial pattern which can be glossed as «Australian»
to the bifurcate-collateral one, the modern Chinese terminology revealing
traits of transition to the lineal pattern (rearrangement of terms for cou-
sins) .
In Part Four the regularities of the evolution of the system under study
are analyzed.
The problem of the correlation between structural characteristics of a
system and morphology of kinship terms is discussed. Notwithstanding the
fact that the linguistic form of a term (elementary, derivative, descriptive)
•does not determine its semantic structure (isolating, classificatory) the
student of kinship systems usualy takes into account both aspects.
All the terms of the earliest Chinese system are elementary. One of the
ways of the transformation of the original meaning of an elementary term
is contraction of its designatum. For instance, «fu» (№ 3) and «mu» (№ 4)
in the Yin-Chou system were used to denote Fa, FaiBr... and Mo, MoSi...
respectively. But about the middle of the 1st mill. В. С their designate
changed to include but Fa for «fu» and Mo for «mu». As a result of this
there arose a need to use new terms for denotata excluded from the original
•designata. So derivative terms «pofu» and «shufu» («elder father» and
«younger father») were created in which an additional determinative is used
with the original elementary term.
It is very important however that not all the derivative terms originated
through contraction of the designata of elementary ones. Another way of
creating derivative terms is to construct them «by analogy». For instance,
modern term for cross-cousins «piao hsiongti» is not of a common origin
with «hsiongti» (Br). In the Yin-Chou system cross-cousins are grouped
under the term «sheng», later they were isolated as «ku chih tsu» (FaSiSo)
and «chiu chin tsu» (MoiBr'So) and at last a iderivative term «piao hsiongti»
analogous to «hsiongti» (Br) was applied. The development of the Chinese
terminology documented by historical evidences testifies to the invalidity
of Murdock's reconstruction of the Chinese protosystem proceeding from the
conjecture that derivative terms for crosscousins imply the previous
existence of a system of generation type.
In the next chapter the author formulates the rules of transformation

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