Page 48 - (DK Eyewitness) Travel Guide - Southwest USA & National Parks

46  INTRODUCING THE SOUTHWEST THE HIST OR Y OF THE SOUTHWEST  47

The Pueblo people did not manage to rid the recently formed United States. The US and region had its own territorial capital for
region of the Spanish. In 1692, Don Diego de New Mexico now shared a border, but the administering law, they were not able to
Vargas reclaimed Santa Fe. There were signs, Anglos proved the stronger power. elect national represen tatives to Congress.
however, of a relatively more tolerant The fight for Mexico’s independence from
relationship between Indian and colonizer. Spain began on September 16, 1810, but it The Impact of the American Civil War
was not until 1821 that independence was When the Civil War broke out in 1861,
The End of the Spanish Era finally declared. The Republic of Mexico was many Southwesterners had Confederate
By the late 18th century, the Spanish founded in 1824. Newly independent sympathies, siding with the southern states
wanted to extend their power to California Mexicans were glad to do business with against the north, or Union. They tried to
and secure the Pacific coast against the their Anglo-American neighbors, who declare Arizona a Confederate territory but
English and the Russians. Their first Arizona brought much-needed trade after the in 1862, Union forces repelled Confederates
settlement was at Tubac, near Tucson in Spanish block on goods going west. at Glorieta Pass, near Santa Fe. In 1863, the
1752. In 1775, Juan Bautista de Anza federal government recognized Arizona as a
reached the Pacific Coast and founded San Anglo-American Settlement separate territory, and drew the state line that
Francisco in Alta California (see p28). Conflicts over land rights marked the exists between it and New Mexico today.
As the Southwest opened up, Anglo- period following the 1803 Louisiana After the Civil War, reports of land and
Illustration of the 1680 Pueblo Indian Revolt Americans were presented with new Purchase. While the Hispanic and Native mineral wealth in the West filtered back
trading opportunities. In the Louisiana inhabitants of the region were happy to east, and Anglo settlement of the West
the colony. A new governor, Don Pedro de Purchase of 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana, trade with the Anglos, they were angered rapidly increased. Rich lodes of gold, silver,
Peralta, was instated in 1610, and Santa Fe an enormous area of about 828,000 sq by the new settlers who built ranches and and copper were discovered in Arizona,
became the capital. miles (2.1 million sq km) of land, to the even towns on lands to which they had no and mining camps such as Tombstone,
Despite the harsh conditions, more settlers, legal right. By the 1840s the United States Jerome, and Bisbee in Arizona (see p96),
priests, and soldiers began to return to the The Missions had embarked on a vigorous expansion and Silver City in New Mexico became
area, determined to subdue the native people In the late 17th century, Jesuit missionary Father westward, with settlers accompanied by boomtowns. In Colorado, Silverton, Ouray,
and to suppress their religious practices. Eusebio Kino lived alongside and established a United States’ soldiers. In 1845 the US and Telluride (see pp182–3) also grew up
rapport with the Pima people of southern Arizona. acquired Texas, and, when Mexico resisted around the mining industry in the late
The Pueblo Revolt He initiated the Jesuit practice of bringing gifts further moves, the president sent an army 19th century.
of livestock and seeds for new crops,
As the colonists spread out, they seized including wheat. Those natives to take control of New Mexico, starting the
Pueblo farmlands and created huge ranches involved in the missionary program Mexican War. The Treaty of Guadalupe-
escaped forced labor. Kino
for themselves. The Pueblo people refused inspired the natives living Hidalgo ended the conflict in 1848,
to work for them and continued to resist south of Tucson, at a place and gave the US the Mexican Cesion
called Bac, to begin work on
the new religion. When, in 1675, three native what was to become the (comprising California, Utah,
religious leaders were hanged in Santa Fe Southwest’s most beautiful including Nevada and parts of
and more than 40 others publicly whip ped, mission church, San Xavier del Wyoming and Colorado, and New
Popé, a Pueblo leader, started a resistance Bac (see pp92–3). When Kino Mexico, which included northern
died in 1711, there were
movement. The uprising on August 9, 1680, around 20 missions Arizona) for $18.25 million. In 1854
resulted in the deaths of 375 colonists and across the area. the United States bought southern
21 priests, with the remaining 2,000 settlers Father Eusebio Kino Arizona through the Gadsden
driven south across the Rio Grande. Purchase for $10 million. While each Engraving depicting an Apache attack on Anglo settlers (c.1886)

1692 Diego 1706 Settlement established 1775 City of 1778 1803 The Louisiana 1810–21 Mexican War 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1854 The US
de Vargas at Albuquerque 1730s First European Tucson founded. Construction of Purchase extends US of Independence cedes Mexican territory to US acquires southern
retakes settlement in Arizona Juan Batista de Mission San boundaries to the Arizona with the
Santa Fe 1711 Death of Father Kino; 20 established at Tubac Anza forges a trail Xavier del Bac New Mexican border 1824 Republic of 1846–48 The Gadsden Purchase
missions in southern Arizona Anza to San Francisco underway Mexico founded Mexican War
1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
Mission at 1821 Mexico declares 1855 Mormon settlers 1857 The
1776 Franciscan priests,
1691 Jesuit missionary Tumacácori 1752 Presidio Escalante and Dominguez, first 1792 Pedro Vial independence from try to found first Utah War,
Father Eusebio Kino, (fortress) built at travel the Old Spanish Trail establishes a route Spain. William Becknell Trader’s settlement at Moab in Mormon
establishes first mission Tubac, near to Santa Fe from leads traders from the east wagon southern Utah, but settlers fight
at Tumacácori, Arizona Tucson, Arizona St. Louis, Missouri along the Santa Fe Trail repelled by Ute Indians US troops

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