Page 44 - All About History - Issue 54-17

Henry the Navigator

credence with Henry, who in 1424 despatched a 1425 and 1434, he repeatedly sent missions down These aspirations were temporarily suspended,
substantial military invasion force. Claims that the west coast of Africa with instructions to however, following a traumatic campaign in
he hoped to convert the pagan inhabitants to break new ground by sailing beyond the limit of Tangier and complications of regency demanded
Christianity seem rather far-fetched and similar European knowledge, which terminated at Cape in the aftermath of the death of his brother, King
assertions during his slave missions to Guinea later Bojador. The cape bulged into the Atlantic around Duarte. It was not until 1441 that Henry resumed
on suggest a more sinister motivation. It would not 1,600 kilometres southwest of Tangier and 160 exploration down the west African coast. Some
have been the first time that Europeans had sent kilometres south of the Canaries. It possessed an captains were sent to resume exploration around
slaving missions to the Canaries. almost mystical reputation shrouded as it was in Rio de Oro, the furthest point yet reached following
As it transpired, the expedition proved a failure, rumour and legend. the passing of Bojador. Here they might collect the
the primitively armed inhabitants fighting off the Here, the cliffs crumbled into the sea, currents skin and oil of sea lions that were known to inhabit
Portuguese to Henry’s great embarrassment. The clashed to form great whirlpools, while silver fish the area. Other captains were ordered to head
defeat did not, however, diminish the prince’s shimmered beneath the surface. Waves slammed
desire to establish a foothold in the Canaries and against the reefs and the inland desert looked
he would fight a number of unsuccessful as barren as the underworld itself. For Lateen sails
colonial wars over the islands across many mariners, Cape Bojador was the 01 Deriving the name from the French for ‘Latin’,
the next 30 years. Henry’s Cape of No Return. Henry, however, these triangular sails date back to late antiquity. Their
His activities in Madeira, on older brother, was having none of it. He was shape allowed them to sail much closer to the wind by
the other hand, proved more Pedro, travelled in convinced that the Cape could zigzagging, or tacking, against it. This enabled lateen-
rigged caravels to travel greater distances in far less time
successful, not least because they be surpassed and he despatched compared to ships with conventional square sails.
were uninhabited. According to Europe and acquired a no fewer than 15 expeditions.
Henry’s enthusiastic chronicler translation of Marco They all failed.
Gomes Eanes de Zurara, it was Polo’s travelogue It took a determined squire Guns
his squires Zarco and Teixeira for him from Henry’s own household, 02 Although cannons were still relatively primitive
who discovered Madeira and the Gil Eannes, to prove his prince in the 15th century, they were well-suited for battle in the
neighbouring island of Porto Santo, correct. Henry charted yet another choppy waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As caravels were
though really these were a re-discovery at course for his squire. Eannes, on seeing naturally quick and agile, the added hitting power of
gunpowder weapons turned them into formidable weapon
best. It is thought that the first Portuguese colonists the shoals and spray and shimmering sardines platforms and made them more than a match for any hostile
arrived in around 1425 and on Madeira they of Bojador, would turn west and sail further out ships they would meet while exploring.
discovered fine soil. The early years of colonialism into the ocean. Only when he’d travelled beyond
were marked by successful cultivation. the impassable Cape would he turn east and
Henry’s interest in the Atlantic islands remained approach land. And so he did, disembarking in Anchor
a constant and in 1439 he successfully petitioned safety and collecting a few bedraggled plants from 03 A necessity for any ocean-going vessel, the
the crown to send settlers to the Azores, a group of the Saharan shore before charting his course back anchor, usually made out of metal, would stop the ship
seven islands that tradition binds to Henry with an home. On his arrival back in Portugal he received a drifting around from either the current or wind. When
lowered, its ‘teeth’ would drag along the bottom of the
earlier expedition that had set out in 1425. As with hero’s welcome. seabed, slowing the boat.
Madeira, the colony prospered. Henry’s successful prediction earned the prince
While success on the Atlantic islands warmed high praise and his reputation as a cartographer
Henry’s heart, his most ardent ambitions lay and cosmologist was established — in Portugal. at Crow’s nest
further south where he hoped to “sail beyond the least. Scholars now believe that Henry’s confidence 04 When traversing parts unknown, having a clear
sunset and baths of all the Western stars.” Between in the rounding of Bojador was prompted by view of your surroundings was paramount. The crewman
his reading of the Book Of The Known World, an with the keenest eyes would be stationed at the top of the
anonymous and entirely fictitious account of a mast to give the best field of vision. A reward was often
promised for the first man to spot a landmass, so every man
Castilian’s adventures that were guided by a world would usually be scanning the horizon every chance he got.
map now lost. Like many contemporaries, Henry
most likely bestowed upon this book high credence
and it contained more than one reference to the
author’s travels beyond the Cape. 05 Rudder
While earlier ship designs had the rudder
Whatever the case, Henry was now in a position hung over one side of the ship, the caravel had its rudder
to send more expeditions beyond Bojador where, mounted on the stern. This protected it from damage and
he hoped, they could deposit armies that could meant that the crew would never lose the ability to steer
march inland under the banner of crusade and the boat, which could happen if a side rudder was removed
from the water.
take the word of God to the infidel and pagan
tribes. He even harboured hopes of finding the
fabled Prester John, Christian emperor of the Indies
(which in Henry’s day referred to the lands of north 06 Row Boat
While caravels were nimble and shallow drafted,
east Africa), and forging an alliance against their they were still sizable vessels that were in danger of
Saracen enemies. Henry’s dreams of finding the beaching in shallow waters. If the crew wanted to go ashore
mythical ruler persisted throughout his life and no with ease, a smaller rowboat was used while the caravel
would anchor a small way off land.
doubt figured in his explorations.

“It became commonplace for Henry’s
Henry’s great-nephew, King John II, revived the men to try and capture native tribesmen”
Navigator’s voyages of exploration in the 1480s
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