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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

Example / Contoh:
(i) Atom releases one electron to achieve stable duplet electron arrangement:
Atom litium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron duplet yang stabil:
Li Li + + e

Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.1 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2
Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3 Number of protons = 3, total charge: +3
Bilangan proton = 3, jumlah cas: +3 Bilangan proton = 3, jumlah cas: +3
Number of electrons = 3, total charge: –3 Number of electrons = 2, total charge: –2
Bilangan elektron = 3, jumlah cas: –3 Bilangan elektron = 2, jumlah cas: –2
+
Lithium atom is neutral . Positively charges lithium ion, Li is formed.
neutral positif +
Atom litium adalah . Ion litium bercas , Li terbentuk.
(ii) Sodium atom releases one electron to achieve stable octet electron arrangement:
Atom natrium melepaskan satu elektron untuk mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil:
Na Na + + e
Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8.1 Electron arrangement / Susunan elektron : 2.8
Number of protons = 11, total charge: +11 Number of protons = 11, total charge: +11
Bilangan proton = 11, jumlah cas: +11 +11
Number of electrons = 11, total charge: –11 Bilangan proton = 11, jumlah cas: –10
Bilangan elektron = 11, jumlah cas: –11 Number of electrons = 10, total charge:
Sodium atom is neutral . Bilangan elektron = 10, jumlah cas: –10
neutral Positively charges sodium ion, Na is formed.
+
Atom natrium adalah .
+
Ion natrium bercas positif , Na terbentuk.
(b) All elements in Group 1 have similar chemical properties because all atoms in Group 1 have one valence
electron and achieve the stable duplet/octet electron arrangement by releasing its valence electron to
form a positively charged ions.
Semua unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama kerana semua atom unsur Kumpulan 1 mempunyai bilangan
elektron valens yang sama iaitu satu dan mencapai susunan elektron yang stabil dengan melepaskan satu elektron valensnya
untuk membentuk ion bercas positif .
5 The reactivity of alkali metals increases going down the Group 1:
Kereaktifan unsur logam alkali bertambah menuruni Kumpulan 1:
– Atoms of Group 1 metals achieve a stable duplet/octet electron arrangement
by releasing one valence electron to form +1 charged ion.
Atom logam Kumpulan 1 mencapai susunan elektron gas adi yang stabil dengan Li
melepaskan satu elektron valens membentuk ion bercas +1. Kereaktifan Reactivity
– The reactivity of Group 1 metals depends on the tendency for atoms to
lose electrons; the easier it loses an electron, the reactivity of the metal
increases .
Kereaktifan logam Kumpulan 1 bergantung pada kesenangan atom melepaskan elektron, bertambah increases Na
semakin senang elektron dilepaskan, kereaktifan logam semakin bertambah .
– Going down Group 1, the number of shells increases, the atomic size
increases and the valence electron in the outer most shell gets further
away from the nucleus. menurun Kumpulan 1 down Group 1

Menuruni Kumpulan 1, bilangan petala bertambah, saiz atom bertambah dan K
elektron valens pada petala terluar semakin jauh dari nukleus.
– The strength of attraction from the proton in the nucleus to the valence
elecron gets weaker .
Kekuatan tarikan nukleus kepada elektron valens semakin lemah .
– The valence electron is loosely held and it is easier for the electron to
be released.
Elektron valens ditarik dengan lemah dan ia makin senang dilepaskan.

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