Page 659 - First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2020, Thirtieth edition [MedicalBooksVN.com]_Neat

RepRoductive ` REPRODUCTIVE—EmbRyOlOgy RepRoductive ` REPRODUCTIVE—EmbRyOlOgy SectioN iii 615

Fetal alcohol One of the leading preventable causes of intellectual disability in the US. Newborns of mothers
syndrome who consumed alcohol during any stage of pregnancy have  incidence of congenital
abnormalities, including pre- and postnatal developmental retardation, microcephaly, facial
A
abnormalities A (eg, smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border, small palpebral fissures), limb
dislocation, heart defects. Heart-lung fistulas and holoprosencephaly in most severe form. One
mechanism is due to impaired migration of neuronal and glial cells.

Neonatal abstinence Complex disorder involving CNS, ANS, and GI systems. Secondary to maternal substance use/
syndrome abuse (most commonly opioids).
Universal screening for substance abuse is recommended in all pregnant patients.
Newborns may present with uncoordinated sucking reflexes, irritability, high-pitched crying,
tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, and possibly seizures.
Treatment (for opiate abuse): methadone, morphine, buprenorphine.

FAS1_2019_15-Repro.indd 615 11/7/19 5:52 PM