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Figure 2.13 Utilisation of natural fibre in the automotive field [54]

Meanwhile, silk fibres have been used in biomedical applications, particularly

as sutures where silk fibroin fibres are usually coated with wax or silicone to enhance
material properties and reduce fraying [52]. Moreover, the first racing car with a body

fully made of natural fibre reinforced plastics was awarded the “Composite Pioneer

award 2009” during composite Europe 2009, which showcased the appreciation for
the application of natural resources in structural application [21].

Basalt fibres are usually utilised in the fabrication of compressed natural gas
(NCG) cylinders and incorporated into printed circuit boards. It also being used as

reinforcing phase for concrete structure, especially for geopolymeric concrete, which
significantly improves the deformation and energy absorption capacities. In addition,

it also been used as an insulation material such as in the fabrication of underground

ducts and insulator for electrical cables, which potentially to replace asbestos in the
near future [50].

Moreover, in the automotive industry, the application of natural fibres has
gained significant attention due to their low-density properties which could reduce the

weight of vehicles. Subsequently, lower weight will improve fuel efficiency and the
use of natural fibres are extensively being practised in the German and U.S automotive

industries. Car components that have been produced using natural fibres are parcel

shelves, door panels, instrument panels, arm, headrests and seat shells [16].

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