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Chapter 73:  The Structure of Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells           1145




                  arranged into typical microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
                  filaments. Lymphocyte activation by antigens or mitogens can lead to   This chapter was adapted from “Morphology of Lymphocytes and
                  changes in the interaction of membrane components with the cytoskel-  Plasma Cells” by H. Elizabeth Broome and “Composition and Bio-
                  eton, allowing for antigen processing, Ig secretion, or cell-mediated cyto-  chemistry of Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells” by Thomas J. Kipps in the
                  toxic reactions. 88
                                                                        earlier edition.

                  ORGANELLES                                            REFERENCES
                  In large part the composition and metabolism of long-lived blood
                  T lymphocytes reflect their resting state. The T cells have a high nuclear-     1.  Hewson WJ: No.72, Pauls Church Yard London, 1774, in Lymphatics, Lymph, and Lym-
                                                                           phomyeloid Complex, edited by Yoffey JF, Courtice FC, p 3. Harvard University Press,
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                  plasmic reticulum. Glycogen stores are meager. The DNA content of the     2.  Ackerman GA: Structural studies of the lymphocyte and lymphocyte development, in
                  resting small lymphocyte, 8 pg per cell, is the same amount in other   Regulation of Hematopoiesis, edited by Gordon AS, p 1297. Appleton Century Crofts,
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                  diploid cells.  In contrast, the RNA content averages 2.5 pg per cell,     3.  Everett NB, Caffrey RW, Rieke WO: Recirculation of lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci
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                                                          89
                  less than in most other human cells, as a result of the small amount of     4.  Ford WI, Gowans JL: The traffic of lymphocytes. Semin Hematol 6:67, 1969.
                  ribosomal RNA in most lymphocytes.                      5.  Miller RG: Physical Separation of Lymphocytes and Lymphocyte Structure and Function.
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                     In contrast to most lymphocytes, however, plasma cells have a high     6.  Nossal GJ, Makela O: Elaboration of antibodies by single cells. Annu Rev Microbiol
                  RNA-to-DNA ratio. These cells are the end products of B-cell differen-  16:53–74, 1962.
                  tiation and are committed to the synthesis, assembly, and secretion of     7.  Bain BJ: Blood Cells, A Practical Guide. Blackwell Science, London, 1995.
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                                                                           phocytes and relationship to natural killer and K cells. J Exp Med 153:569–582, 1981.
                  nally differentiated and have a low rate of DNA synthesis and abundant     10.  Tanaka T, Goodman JR: Electron Microscopy of Human Blood Cells. Harper and Row,
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                                                                          11.  Brittinger G, Hirschhorn R, Douglas SD, Weissmann G: Studies on lysosomes. XI.
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                  The few lysosomes in blood lymphocytes contain several different acid     12.  Basso G, Cocito MG, Semenzato G, et al: Cytochemical study of thymocytes and
                  hydrolases, including acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase,   T lymphocytes. Br J Haematol 44:577–582, 1980.
                  β-hexosaminidase,  α-arabinosidase,  α-galactosidase,  α-mannosidase,     13.  Landay A, Clement LT, Grossi CE: Phenotypically and functionally distinct subpopu-
                  α-glucosidase, and  β-glucosidase. 90–92  Acid hydrolase activities are    lations of human lymphocytes with T cell markers also exhibit different cytochemical
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                  generally higher in T cells than in non-T lymphocytes. Lysosomal acid     14.  Hayes TL: Scanning electron microscope techniques in biology, in Advanced Techniques
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                  Secretory lysosomes are specialized organelles that combine catabolic   cytes by scanning electron microscopy. J Exp Med 138:607–624, 1973.
                  functions of conventional lysosomes with the capacity to be secreted     16.  Majstoravich S, Zhang J, Nicholson-Dykstra S, et al: Lymphocyte microvilli are
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                                                                           protein (WASp) for their morphology. Blood 104:1396–1403, 2004.
                  cialized cytoplasmic granules of T cells and NK cells that are responsible     17.  Berlin C, Bargatze RF, Campbell JJ, et al: Alpha 4 integrins mediate lymphocyte attach-
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                                                                          18.  von Andrian UH, Hasslen SR, Nelson RD, et al: A central role for microvillous receptor
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                  Cytoplasmic Granules                                    19.  Handwerger BS, Douglas SD: The cell biology of blastogenesis, in Handbook of Inflam-
                  In contrast to other lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells   mation, edited by Weissman G, p 609. Elsevier, North Holland, 1980.
                  possess abundant cytoplasmic granules. These contain a pore-forming     20.  Douglas SD, Cohnen G, Konig E, Brittinger G: Ultrastructural features of phytohemag-
                  proteolytic enzyme, termed  perforin, and a series of serine protein-  glutinin and concanavalin A-responsive lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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                  ases with specific proapoptotic activity, called granzymes.  To protect     21.  Douglas SD, Fudenberg HH: In vitro development of plasma cells from lymphocytes
                                                            95
                  against possible autolysis by granule contents, cytotoxic lymphocytes   following pokeweed mitogen stimulation: a fine structural study.  Exp Cell Res 54:
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                                                       96
                  safeguard, the granzymes of resting lymphocytes are stored as inactive     22.  Sainte-Marie G: Study on plasmocytopoiesis. I. Description of plasmocytes and of their
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                     Cytotoxic lymphocytes  rely primarily on the  perforin/granzyme     23.  Sainte-Marie G, Coons AH: Studies on antibody production X. Mode of formation of
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                  system to kill their targets.  Upon contact with its target cell, the cyto-    24.  Parkhouse RM, Janossy G, Greaves MF: Selective stimulation of IgM synthesis in
                                     97
                  toxic lymphocyte converts the granzymes into active forms by a lys-  mouse B lymphocytes by pokeweed mitogen. Nat New Biol 235:21–23, 1972.
                  osomal cysteine protease called dipeptidyl peptidase I.  Then perforin     25.  Welsh RA: Electron microscopic localization of Russell bodies in the human plasma
                                                         98
                  introduces a pore in the membrane, allowing the activated granzymes   cell. Blood 16:1307–1312, 1960.
                  and  other  granule  contents  to  pass  into  the  cytoplasm  and  then  the     26.  Sacchetti C: [Plasma cells of the bone marrow in normal and pathological states; quan-
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                                                95
                  granzyme nuclear import is independent of ATP, cannot be inhibited by     27.  Suzuki A, Shibata A, Onodera S: Histochemical study on plasma cells. Tohoku J Exp
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                  protein import. The perforin-dependent nuclear entry of granzymes     29.  Franklin EC, Zucker-Franklin D: Current concepts of amyloid. Adv Immunol 15:249–304,
                                                                           1972.
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