Page 1263 - Clinical Immunology_ Principles and Practice ( PDFDrive )
P. 1263
1224 Part ten Prevention and Therapy of Immunological Diseases
On tHe HOrIZOn REFERENCES
• As valuable as vaccines have been in improving health in the past 1. Kyaw MH, Lynfield R, Schaffner W, et al. Effect of introduction of the
century, they are likely to be even more valuable in the next century. pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus
• Emerging infections capable of severe morbidity (e.g., Zika virus) or pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1455–63.
mortality (e.g., Ebola virus and avian influenza virus A/H7N9) continue 2. Munoz FM, Bond NH, Maccato M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of
to emerge and threaten global human health with alarming regularity. tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during
• Having rapid vaccine platforms “on the shelf”—to enable quick produc- pregnancy in mothers and infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA
tion, preclinical testing and human safety, immunogenicity and efficacy 2014;311:1760–9.
testing—is critical to timely and effective responses to outbreaks that 3. Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, et al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza
may spread globally very rapidly as a result of international air travel. immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1555–64.
• Several older technologies for vaccine production (e.g., egg-based 4. Steinhoff MC, Omer SB, Roy E, et al. Influenza immunization in
production of influenza antigens) or immune response assessment pregnancy–antibody responses in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med
(e.g., hemagglutination inhibition assays) will be replaced by newer, 2010;362:1644–6.
improved methods (e.g., cell culture–derived recombinant antigens
and automated high-throughput neutralization assays). 5. Mysorekar IU, Diamond MS. Modeling Zika Virus Infection in
• There will be increased application of new molecular adjuvants Pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2016.
(e.g., CD40L, Toll-like receptor-5 [TLR-5], or interleukin-12 [IL-12]) that 6. Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Raja Gabaglia C, et al. Zika Virus Infection in
target specific biochemical pathways to direct and shape the cascade Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med
from innate immune response to desired adaptive immunity protective 2016;375:2321–34.
response. 7. Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, et al. Zika Virus and Birth
• The worsening problem of antibacterial resistance is inspiring new Defects–Reviewing the Evidence for Causality. N Engl J Med
efforts to prevent morbidity and mortality resulting from multidrug- 2016;374:1981–7.
resistant, hospital-acquired infections through vaccination—that is, it 8. Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM, et al. Zika Virus Infection with
is better to prevent an infection caused by a highly resistant microbe Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities. N Engl J
than to try to treat it. Med 2016;374:2142–51.
9. Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive
pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis
2010;201:32–41.
10. Pilishvili T, Bennett NM. Pneumococcal disease prevention among adults:
obtained in Guinea, where the epidemic persisted somewhat Strategies for the use of pneumococcal vaccines. Am J Prev Med
longer than it did in Sierra Leone or Liberia. 83,84 Even though 2015;49:S383–90.
the progression of candidate Ebola vaccines to field trials was 11. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose
rapid (and impressive), the experience with the timing of the versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med
availability of the Ebola vaccine for efficacy testing and field use 2014;371:635–45.
versus the waning arc of the Ebola epidemic points to a recurring 12. Dunning AJ, DiazGranados CA, Voloshen T, et al. Correlates of Protection
concern. This same concern also arose during the 2009 influenza against Influenza in the Elderly: Results from an Influenza Vaccine
A pandemic—namely, when major epidemics of highly infectious Efficacy Trial. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2016;23:228–35.
and lethal infectious diseases occur, can protective vaccines be 13. Black S. Safety and effectiveness of MF-59 adjuvanted influenza vaccines
in children and adults. Vaccine 2015;33(Suppl. 2):B3–5.
developed quickly enough to have an impact and save lives? 14. FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine containing an adjuvant.
Some who have raised this concern have suggested that one U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/
solution is to prepare a library and/or repository of vaccines or NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm474295.htm. [Accessed
platforms for all possible epidemic pathogens in advance so as 30 May 2016].
to ensure readiness. 15. Hopkins D. The Greatest Killer, Smallpox in History. Chicago, IL:
A major international effort to develop a malaria vaccine has University of Chicago Press Books; 2002.
been ongoing for many years, and recent efficacy trials have 16. Smallpox: A great and terrible scourge. NIH. Available at: https://
produced encouraging results. 85,86 www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_variolation.html. [Accessed 30
Along with HIV/AIDS and malaria, TB is one of the May 2016].
three top infectious killers each year and remains a major 17. Willis NJ. Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox. Scott Med J
1997;42:118–21.
target for development of a vaccine to reduce mortality and 18. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae A Disease
morbidity. 87-89 Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly
In the past decade, Bordetella pertussis infection, or whooping Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox. Public
cough, cases in the United States have increased to levels not domain; 1798. Available at: http://www.bartleby.com/38/4/1.html.
observed since the 1950s. The transition from the previously [Accessed 30 May 2016].
used whole-cell pertussis vaccine to the current acellular pertussis 19. Wolfe RM, Sharp LK. Anti-vaccinationists past and present. BMJ
vaccine is thought to be responsible. Although the older vaccine 2002;325:430–2.
was more reactogenic, it was also more protective. Pertussis 20. Memoli MJ, Shaw PA, Han A, et al. Evaluation of Antihemagglutinin and
vaccine developers and public health officials are working to Antineuraminidase Antibodies as Correlates of Protection in an Influenza
develop new vaccines and to determine the correlates of protective A/H1N1 Virus Healthy Human Challenge Model. MBio
2016;7(2):e00417–16.
efficacy and are considering the best options to reduce the 21. Kirkpatrick BD, Whitehead SS, Pierce KK, et al. The live attenuated
incidence of pertussis. 90 dengue vaccine TV003 elicits complete protection against dengue in a
human challenge model. Sci Transl Med 2016;8:330ra36.
Please check your eBook at https://expertconsult.inkling.com/ 22. Bernstein DI, Atmar RL, Lyon GM, et al. Norovirus vaccine against
for self-assessment questions. See inside cover for registration experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy
details. adults. J Infect Dis 2015;211:870–8.

