Page 116 - Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ( PDFDrive )

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PART II CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY

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P
T
E
R
C
H
A
Overview of the Major
Pathogens & Introduction
to Anaerobic Bacteria

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CHAPTER C ONTENT S
Laboratory Diagnosis
Overview of the Major Pathogens
Treatment
Introduction to Anaerobic Bacteria
Important Properties
Anaerobes of Medical Interest
Practice Questions: USMLE & Course Examinations
Clinical Infections

OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR
As is true of any classification dealing with biologic enti-
ties, this one is not entirely precise. For example, Campylo-
PATHOGENS
bacter causes enteric tract disease but frequently has an
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animal source. Nevertheless, despite some uncertainties,
The major bacterial pathogens are presented in Table 14–1
subdivision of the large number of gram-negative rods into
and described in Chapters 15 through 26. So that the reader
these functional categories should be helpful to the reader.
may concentrate on the important pathogens, the bacteria
The organisms that are not readily Gram stained fall
that are less medically important are described in a separate
chapter (see Chapter 27).
acid-fast rods; Mycoplasma species, which have no cell wall
Table 14–1 is divided into organisms that are readily
and so do not stain with Gram stain; Treponema and Lepto-
Gram stained and those that are not. The readily stained
organisms fall into four categories: gram-positive cocci, gram-
spira species, which are spirochetes too thin to be seen
negative cocci, gram-positive rods, and gram-negative rods.
when stained with Gram stain; and Chlamydia and Rickett-
Because there are so many kinds of gram-negative rods, they
sia species, which are very small, intracellular bacteria and
have been divided into three groups:
Table 14–2 presents the 10 most common “notifiable”
(1) Organisms associated with the enteric tract
bacterial diseases in the United States for 2012 as compiled
(2) Organisms associated with the respiratory tract are difficult to visualize within the cytoplasm of the cell.
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Note
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(3) Organisms from animal sources (zoonotic bacteria)
that only notifiable diseases are included and that certain
For ease of understanding, the organisms associated
common conditions such as streptococcal pharyngitis and
with the enteric tract are further subdivided into three
eases, chlamydial infection and gonorrhea, are by far the
groups: (1) pathogens both inside and outside the enteric
most common diseases listed, followed by salmonellosis,
tract, (2) pathogens inside the enteric tract, and (3) patho-
gens outside the enteric tract.
syphilis, and Lyme disease in the top five.
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