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ment compares two situations that have all the influencing factors
APPLYING THE CONCEPTS
identical except one. The single influencing variable being tested is
called the experimental variable, and the group of variables that form 1. A generalized mental image of an object is a (an)
the basis of comparison is called the control group. a. definition.
An accepted hypothesis may result in a principle, an explanation b. impression.
concerned with a specific range of phenomena, or a scientific law, an c. concept.
explanation concerned with important, wider-ranging phenomena. d. mental picture.
Laws are sometimes identified with the name of a scientist and can be 2. Which of the following is the best example of the use of a referent?
expressed verbally, with an equation, or with a graph. a. A red bicycle
A model is used to help understand something that cannot be b. Big as a dump truck
observed directly, explaining the unknown in terms of things already c. The planet Mars
d. Your textbook
understood. Physical models, mental models, and equations are all ex-
amples of models that explain how nature behaves. A theory is a broad, 3. A well-defined and agreed-upon referent used as a standard in
all systems of measurement is called a
detailed explanation that guides development and interpretations of
a. yardstick.
experiments in a field of study.
b. unit.
c. quantity.
SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS d. fundamental.
1.1 4. The system of measurement based on referents in nature, but not
_ with respect to human body parts, is the
mass

density = a. natural system.

volume
b. English system.
m _
ρ = c. metric system.

V
d. American system.
KEY TERMS 5. A process of comparing a property to a well-defined and
agreed-upon referent is called a
area (p. 7) a. measurement.
controlled experiment (p. 15) b. referral.
c. magnitude.
data (p. 7)
d. comparison.
density (p. 8)
6. One of the following is not considered to be a fundamental
direct proportion (p. 10)
property:
English system (p. 4)
a. weight.
equation (p. 10)
b. length.
experiment (p. 14)
c. time.
fundamental properties (p. 5) d. charge.
hypothesis (p. 14)
7. How much space something occupies is described by its
inverse proportion (p. 10) a. mass.
kilogram (p. 5) b. volume.
liter (p. 6) c. density.
measurement (p. 4) d. weight.
meter (p. 5) 8. The relationship between two numbers that is usually obtained
metric system (p. 5) by dividing one number by the other is called a (an)
model (p. 17) a. ratio.
numerical constant (p. 11) b. divided size.
properties (p. 3) c. number tree.
d. equation.
proportionality constant (p. 11)
pseudoscience (p. 16) 9. The ratio of mass per volume of a substance is called its
a. weight.
quantities (p. 10)
b. weight-volume.
ratio (p. 7)
c. mass-volume.
referent (p. 3)
d. density.
scientific law (p. 17)
10. After identifying the appropriate equation, the next step in
scientific principle (p. 17)
correctly solving a problem is to
second (p. 6)
a. substitute known quantities for symbols.
standard unit (p. 4) b. solve the equation for the variable in question.
theory (p. 19) c. separate the number and units.
unit (p. 4) d. convert all quantities to metric units.
variable (p. 10)
volume (p. 7)
1-21 CHAPTER 1 What Is Science? 21