Page 725 - 9780077418427.pdf

s
/207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefile
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:700 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:700 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
through boiling; the same temperature as
appears above the horizon all day for at B /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
least one day up to six months during the the condensation point
background radiation ionizing radiation
summer; located at 66.5°N latitude boundary the division between two regions
(alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) from natural
area the extent of a surface of differing physical properties
sources; between 100 and 500 millirems/
arid the dry climate classification; receives Bowen’s reaction series a crystallization
yr of exposure to natural radioactivity from
less than 25 cm (10 in) precipitation per series that occurs as a result of the differ-
the environment
year ent freezing point temperatures of various
Balmer series a set of four line spectra, nar-
aromatic hydrocarbon an organic com- minerals present in magma
row lines of color emitted by hydrogen
pound with at least one benzene ring breaker a wave whose front has become so
atom electrons as they drop from excited
structure; cyclic hydrocarbons and their steep that the top part has broken forward
states to the ground state
derivatives of the wave, breaking into foam, especially
band of stability a region of a graph of the
artesian the term describing the condition against a shoreline
number of neutrons versus the number
where confining pressure forces ground- British thermal unit the amount of energy
of protons in nuclei; nuclei that have the
water from a well to rise above the aquifer or heat needed to increase the temperature
neutron-to-proton ratios located in this
asteroids small rocky bodies left over from of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit
band do not undergo radioactive decay
the formation of the solar system; most are (abbreviated Btu)
barometer an instrument that measures
accumulated in a zone between the orbits
atmospheric pressure, used in weather fore-
of Mars and Jupiter
casting and in determining elevation above C
asthenosphere a plastic, mobile layer of
sea level
Earth’s structure that extends around Earth calorie the amount of energy (or heat) needed
base any substance that is a proton acceptor
below the lithosphere; ranges in thickness to increase the temperature of 1 gram of
when dissolved in water; generally consid-
from a depth of 130 km to 160 km water 1 degree Celsius
ered a solution that forms hydroxide ions
astronomical unit the radius of Earth’s orbit Calorie the dieter’s “calorie”; equivalent to
in water that can neutralize an acid, form-
is defined as one astronomical unit (AU) 1 kilocalorie
ing a salt and water
atmospheric stability the condition of the carbohydrates organic compounds that in-
basin a large, bowl-shaped fold in the land
atmosphere related to the temperature of clude sugars, starches, and cellulose; carbo-
into which streams drain; also a small en-
the air at increasing altitude compared to hydrates are used by plants and animals for
closed or partly enclosed body of water
the temperature of a rising parcel of air at structure, protection, and food
batholith a large volume of magma that has
increasing altitude carbon film a type of fossil formed when
cooled and solidified below the surface,
atom the smallest unit of an element that can the volatile and gaseous constituents of a
forming a large mass of intrusive rock
exist alone or in combination with other buried organic structure are distilled away,
beat rhythmic increases and decreases of
elements leaving a carbon film as a record
volume from constructive and destructive
atomic mass unit the relative mass unit (u) carbonation in chemical weathering a re-
interference between two sound waves of
of an isotope based on the standard of the action that occurs naturally between car-
slightly different frequencies
carbon-12 isotope, which is defined as a bonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and rock minerals
beta particle a high-energy electron emit-
mass of exactly 12.00 u; one atomic mass cast sediments deposited by groundwater in
ted as ionizing radiation from a decaying
unit (1 u) is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 a mold, taking the shape and external fea-
nucleus; also known as a beta ray
atom tures of the organism that was removed to
big bang theory the current model of ga-
atomic number the number of protons in form the mold, then gradually changing to
lactic evolution in which the universe was
the nucleus of an atom sedimentary rock
created from an intense and brilliant explo-
atomic weight the weighted average of the cathode rays negatively charged particles
sion from a primeval fireball
masses of stable isotopes of an element as (electrons) that are emitted from a negative
binding energy the energy required to break
they occur in nature, based on the abun- terminal in an evacuated glass tube
a nucleus into its constituent protons and
dance of each isotope of the element and celestial equator the line of the equator of
neutrons; also the energy equivalent re-
the atomic mass of the isotope compared Earth directly above Earth; the equator of
leased when a nucleus is formed
to C-12 Earth projected on the celestial sphere
black hole the theoretical remaining core of
autumnal equinox one of two times a celestial meridian an imaginary line in the
a supernova that is so dense that even light
year that daylight and night are of equal sky directly above you that runs north
cannot escape
length; occurs on or about September 23 through the north celestial pole, south
blackbody radiation the electromagnetic
and identifies the beginning of the fall through the south celestial pole, and back
radiation emitted by an ideal material (the
season around the other side to make a big circle
blackbody) that perfectly absorbs and per-
avalanche a mass movement of a wide vari- around Earth
fectly emits radiation
ety of materials such as rocks, snow, trees, celestial sphere a coordinate system of lines
body wave a seismic wave that travels
soils, and so forth in a single chaotic flow; used to locate objects in the sky by imag-
through Earth’s interior, spreading outward
also called debris avalanche ining a huge turning sphere surround-
from a disturbance in all directions
Avogadro’s number the number of C-12 Bohr model a model of the structure of the ing Earth with the stars and other objects
23
atoms in exactly 12.00 g of C; 6.02 × 10 attached to the sphere; the latitude and lon-
atom that attempted to correct the defi-
atoms or other chemical units; the num- gitude lines of Earth’s surface are projected
ciencies of the solar system model and ac-
ber of chemical units in 1 mole of a sub- to the celestial sphere
count for the Balmer series
stance cellulose a polysaccharide abundant in
boiling point the temperature at which a
axis the imaginary line about which a planet plants that forms the fibers in cell walls that
phase change of liquid to gas takes place
or other object rotates preserve the structure of plant materials
Glossary G-2