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continuous conducting path for a current electron current opposite to conventional esters the class of organic compounds with s
to follow, and a device where work is done current; that is, considers electric current the general structure of RCOOR′, where R
by the electrical potential; a switch in the to consist of a drift of negative charges that is one of the hydrocarbon groups—for ex-
circuit is used to complete or interrupt the flows from the negative terminal to the ample, methyl or ethyl; esters make up fats,
conducting path positive terminal of a battery oils, and waxes, and some give fruit and
electric current the flow of electric charge electron dot notation a notation made by flowers their taste and odor
electric field a force field produced by an writing the chemical symbol of an element ether the class of organic compounds with
electrical charge with dots around the symbol to indicate the the general formula ROR′, where R is one
electric field lines a map of an electric field number of outer orbital electrons of the hydrocarbon groups—for example,
representing the direction of the force that electronegativity the comparative ability of methyl or ethyl; mostly used as industrial
a positive test charge would experience; the atoms of an element to attract bonding and laboratory solvents
direction of an electric field shown by lines electrons excited states as applied to an atom, de-
of force electron pair a pair of electrons with dif- scribes the energy state of an atom that has
electric generator a mechanical device that ferent spin quantum numbers that may electrons in a state above the minimum
uses wire loops rotating in a magnetic field occupy an orbital energy state for that atom; as applied to
to produce electromagnetic induction in electron volt the energy gained by an elec- a nucleus, describes the energy state of a
order to generate electricity tron moving across a potential difference of nucleus that has particles in a state above
electric potential energy potential energy 1 volt; equivalent to 1.60 × 10 −19 J the minimum energy state for that nuclear
due to the position of a charge near other electrostatic charge an accumulated elec- configuration
charges tric charge on an object from a surplus or exfoliation the fracturing and breaking
electrical conductors materials that have deficiency of electrons; also called static away of curved, sheetlike plates from bare
electrons that are free to move throughout electricity rock surfaces via physical or chemical
the material—for example, metals element a pure chemical substance that can- weathering, resulting in dome-shaped hills
electrical energy a form of energy from not be broken down into anything simpler and rounded boulders
electromagnetic interactions; one of five by chemical or physical means; there are exosphere the outermost layer of the atmo-
forms of energy—mechanical, chemical, over 100 known elements, the fundamental sphere where gas molecules merge with the
radiant, electrical, and nuclear materials of which all matter is made diffuse vacuum of space
electrical force a fundamental force that El Niño changes in atmospheric pressure experiment a re-creation of an event in a
results from the interaction of electri- systems, ocean currents, water tempera- way that enables a scientist to gain valid
cal charge and is billions and billions of tures, and wind patterns that seem to be and reliable empirical evidence
times stronger than the gravitational force; linked to worldwide changes in the weather external energy the total potential and
sometimes called the electromagnetic force empirical formula identifies the elements kinetic energy of an everyday-sized object
because of the strong association between present in a compound and describes the extrusive igneous rocks fine-grained igne-
electricity and magnetism simplest whole number ratio of atoms of ous rocks formed as lava cools rapidly on
electrical insulators electrical nonconduc- these elements with subscripts the surface
tors, or materials that obstruct the flow of energy the ability to do work
electric current English system a system of measurement F
electrical nonconductors materials that have that originally used sizes of parts of the hu- Fahrenheit scale the referent scale that
electrons that are not moved easily within the man body as referents defines numerical values for measuring
material—for example, rubber; electrical non- entropy the measure of disorder in themo- hotness or coldness, defined as degrees of
conductors are also called electrical insulators dynamics temperature; based on the reference points
electrical resistance the property of oppos- eons major blocks of time in Earth’s geologic of the freezing point of water and the boil-
ing or reducing electric current history ing point of water at sea-level pressure, with
electrolyte a water solution of ionic sub- epochs subdivisions of geologic periods 180 degrees between the two points
stances that conducts an electric current equation a statement that describes a rela- family vertical columns of the periodic table
electromagnet a magnet formed by a sole- tionship in which quantities on one side of consisting of elements that have similar
noid that can be turned on and off by the equal sign are identical to quantities on properties
turning the current on and off the other side fats organic compounds of esters formed from
electromagnetic force one of four funda- equation of time the cumulative variation glycerol and three long-chain carboxylic
mental forces; the force of attraction or between the apparent local solar time and acids that are also called triglycerides; called
repulsion between two charged particles the mean solar time fats in animals and oils in plants
electromagnetic induction a process in equinoxes Latin meaning “equal nights”; fault a break in the continuity of a rock for-
which current is induced by moving a loop time when daylight and night are of equal mation along which relative movement has
of wire in a magnetic field or by changing length, which occurs during the spring occurred between the rocks on either side
the magnetic field equinox and the autumnal equinox fault plane the surface along which relative
electron a subatomic particle that has the eras the major blocks of time in Earth’s movement has occurred between the rocks
smallest negative charge possible, usually geologic history; the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, on either side; the surface of the break in
found in an orbital of an atom, but gained Paleozoic, and Precambrian continuity of a rock formation
or lost when atoms become ions erosion the process of physically removing ferromagnesian silicates silicates that con-
electron configuration the arrangement of weathered materials—for example, rock tain iron and magnesium; examples include
electrons in orbitals and suborbitals about fragments are physically picked up by an the dark-colored minerals olivine, augite,
the nucleus of an atom erosion agent such as a stream or a glacier hornblende, and biotite

G-5 Glossary