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dike a tabular-shaped intrusive rock that
convection zone (of a star) a part of the in- cycle a complete vibration /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
terior of a star according to a model; the cyclone a low-pressure center where the formed when magma moved into joints or
region directly above the radiation zone winds move into the low-pressure center faults that cut across other rock bodies
where gases are heated by the radiation and are forced upward; a low-pressure cen- direct current an electrical current that al-
zone below and move upward by convec- ter with clouds, precipitation, and stormy ways moves in one direction
tion to the surface, where they emit energy conditions direct proportion when two variables in-
in the form of visible light, ultraviolet ra- crease or decrease together in the same
diation, and infrared radiation D ratio (at the same rate)
conventional current opposite to electron data measurement information used to de- disaccharides two monosaccharides joined
current—that is, considers an electric cur- scribe something together with the loss of a water molecule;
rent to consist of a drift of positive charges data points points that may be plotted on a examples of disaccharides are sucrose
that flow from the positive terminal to the graph to represent simultaneous measure- (table sugar), lactose, and maltose
negative terminal of a battery ments of two related variables dispersion the effect of spreading colors of
convergent boundaries boundaries that oc- daylight saving time setting clocks ahead light into a spectrum with a material that
cur between two plates moving toward each one hour during the summer to more has an index of refraction that varies with
other effectively utilize the longer days of sum- wavelength
Copernican system heliocentric, or Sun- mer, then setting the clocks back in the fall divergent boundaries boundaries that occur
centered solar system model developed by decibel scale a nonlinear scale of loudness between two plates moving away from
Nicholas Copernicus in 1543 based on the ratio of the intensity level of each other
core (of Earth) the center part of Earth, a sound to the intensity at the threshold of divide a line separating two adjacent
which consists of a solid inner part and liq- hearing watersheds
uid outer part, making up about 15 percent decomposition reaction a chemical reac- dome a large, upwardly bulging, symmetri-
of Earth’s total volume and about one-third tion in which a compound is broken down cal fold that resembles a dome
of its mass into the elements that make up the com- Doppler effect an apparent shift in the fre-
core (of a star) a dense, very hot region of a pound, into simpler compounds, or into quency of sound or light due to relative
star where nuclear fusion reactions release elements and simpler compounds motion between the source of the sound or
gamma and X-ray radiation deep-focus earthquakes earthquakes that light and the observer
Coriolis effect the apparent deflection due occur in the lower part of the upper mantle, double bond a covalent bond formed when
to the rotation of Earth; it is to the right in between 350 and 700 km below the surface two pairs of electrons are shared by two
the Northern Hemisphere of Earth atoms
correlation the determination of the equiva- deflation the widespread removal of base dune a hill, low mound, or ridge of wind-
lence in geologic age by comparing the materials from the surface by the wind blown sand or other sediments
rocks in two separate locations degassing a process whereby gases and water dwarf planet an object that is orbiting the
coulomb the unit used to measure quantity vapor were released from rocks heated Sun, is nearly spherical, but has not cleared
of electric charge; equivalent to the charge to melting during the early stages of the matter from its orbital zone and is not a
resulting from the transfer of 6.24 billion formation of a planet satellite
billion particles such as the electron delta a somewhat triangular deposit at the
Coulomb’s law a relationship between charge, mouth of a river formed where a stream E
distance, and magnitude of the electrical flowing into a body of water slowed and earthflow a mass movement of a variety of
force between two bodies lost its sediment-carrying ability materials such as soil, rocks, and water with
covalent bond a chemical bond formed by density the compactness of matter described a thick, fluidlike flow
the sharing of a pair of electrons by a ratio of mass (or weight) per unit earthquake a quaking, shaking, vibrating, or
covalent compound a chemical compound volume upheaval of Earth’s surface
held together by a covalent bond or bonds density current an ocean current that flows earthquake epicenter the point on Earth’s
creep the slow downhill movement of soil because of density differences in seawater surface directly above an earthquake focus
down a steep slope destructive interference the condition in earthquake focus the place where seismic
crest the high mound of water that is part of which two waves arriving at the same point waves originate beneath the surface of Earth
a wave; also refers to the condensation, or at the same time out of phase add ampli- echo a reflected sound that can be distin-
high-pressure part, of a sound wave tudes to create zero total disturbance guished from the original sound, which
critical angle limit to the angle of incidence dew the condensation of water vapor into usually arrives 0.1 s or more after the origi-
when all light rays are reflected internally droplets of liquid on surfaces nal sound
critical mass mass of fissionable material dew point the temperature at which con- eclipse when the shadow of a celestial body
needed to sustain a chain reaction densation begins falls on the surface of another celestial
crude oil petroleum pumped from the diastrophism an all-inclusive term that body
ground that has not yet been refined into means any and all possible movements of elastic rebound the sudden snap of stressed
usable products Earth’s plates, including drift and any other rock into new positions; the recovery from
crust the outermost part of Earth’s interior process that deforms or changes Earth’s elastic strain that results in an earthquake
structure; the thin, solid layer of rock that rests surface by movement elastic strain an adjustment to stress in
on top of the Mohorovicic discontinuity diffuse reflection light rays reflected in which materials recover their original
curie the unit of nuclear activity defined many random directions, as opposed to shape after a stress is released
10
as 3.70 × 10 nuclear disintegrations per the parallel rays reflected from a perfectly electric circuit consists of a voltage source
second smooth surface such as a mirror that maintains an electrical potential, a

Glossary G-4