Page 730 - 9780077418427.pdf

/207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefile
/207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:705 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
tiL12214_glo_G1-G16.indd Page Sec1:705 9/21/10 9:56 PM user-f465
greenhouse effect the process of increasing hot spots sites on Earth’s surface where inclination of Earth’s axis the tilt of Earth’s s
the temperature of the lower parts of the at- plumes of hot rock materials rise from deep axis measured from the plane of the ecliptic
mosphere through redirecting energy back within the mantle (23.5°); considered to be the same through-
toward the surface; the absorption and humid the moist climate classification; out the year
reemission of infrared radiation by carbon receives more than 50 cm (20 in) of index fossils distinctive fossils of organ-
dioxide, water vapor, and a few other gases precipitation per year isms that lived only a brief time; used to
in the atmosphere humidity the amount of water vapor in the compare the age of rocks exposed in two
ground state the energy state of an atom air; see relative humidity different locations
with electrons at the lowest energy state hurricane a tropical cyclone with heavy index of refraction the ratio of the speed of
possible for that atom rains and winds exceeding 120 km/h light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a
groundwater water from a saturated zone (75 mi/h) material
beneath the surface; water from beneath hydration the attraction of water molecules inertia a property of matter describing the
the surface that supplies wells and springs for ions; a reaction that occurs between tendency of an object to resist a change in
gyre a great circular system of moving water water and minerals that make up rocks its state of motion; an object will remain
found in each ocean hydrocarbon an organic compound consist- in unchanging motion or at rest in the ab-
ing of only the two elements hydrogen and sence of an unbalanced force
H carbon infrasonic sound waves having too low a
hail a frozen form of precipitation, some- hydrocarbon derivatives organic com- frequency to be heard by the human ear;
times with alternating layers of clear and pounds that can be thought of as forming sound having a frequency of less than 20 Hz
opaque, cloudy ice when one or more hydrogen atoms on a inorganic chemistry the study of all com-
hair hygrometer a device that measures rel- hydrocarbon have been replaced by an pounds and elements in which carbon is
ative humidity from changes in the length element or a group of elements other than not the principal element
of hair hydrogen insulators materials that are poor conduc-
half-life the time required for one-half of the hydrogen bond a weak to moderate bond tors of heat—for example, heat flows slowly
unstable nuclei in a radioactive substance between the hydrogen end (+) of a polar through materials with air pockets because
to decay into a new element molecule and the negative end (−) of a sec- the molecules making up air are far apart;
halogen member of family VIIA of the pe- ond polar molecule also, materials that are poor conductors of
riodic table, having common properties of hydrologic cycle water vapor cycling into electricity—for example, glass or wood
very reactive nonmetallic elements com- and out of the atmosphere through con- intensity a measure of the energy carried by
mon in salt compounds tinuous evaporation of liquid water from a wave
hard water water that contains relatively the surface and precipitation of water back interference a phenomenon of light where-
high concentrations of dissolved salts of to the surface by the relative phase difference between
calcium and magnesium hydronium ion a molecule of water with an two light waves produces light or dark
+
heat the total internal energy of molecules, attached hydrogen ion, H 3 O spots, a result of light’s wavelike nature
which is increased by gaining energy from hypothesis a tentative explanation of a phe- intermediate-focus earthquakes earthquakes
a temperature difference (conduction, con- nomenon that is compatible with the data that occur in the upper part of the mantle,
vection, radiation) or by gaining energy and provides a framework for understand- between 70 and 350 km (43 and 217 mi) be-
from a form conversion (mechanic, chemi- ing and describing that phenomenon low the surface of Earth
cal, radiant, electrical, nuclear) intermolecular forces forces of interaction
heat of formation energy released in a I between molecules
chemical reaction ice-crystal process a precipitation-forming internal energy the sum of all the potential
Heisenberg uncertainty principle you cannot process that brings water droplets of a energy and all the kinetic energy of all the
measure both the exact momentum and the cloud together through the formation of molecules of an object
exact position of a subatomic particle at the ice crystals international date line the 180° meridian is
same time; the more exactly one of the two ice-forming nuclei small, solid particles arbitrarily called the international date line;
is known, the less certain you are of the value suspended in air; ice can form on the sus- used to compensate for cumulative time
of the other pended particles zone changes by adding or subtracting a
hertz unit of frequency; equivalent to 1 cycle igneous rocks rocks that formed from mag- day when the line is crossed
per second ma, which is a hot, molten mass of melted intertropical convergence zone a part of
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram a diagram to rock materials the lower troposphere in a belt from 10°N
classify stars with a temperature-luminosity impulse a change of motion is brought to 10°S of the equator where air is heated,
graph about by an impulse; the product of the size expands, and becomes less dense and rises
high short for high-pressure center (anti- of an applied force and the time the force around the belt
cyclone), which is associated with clear, is applied intrusive igneous rocks coarse-grained ig-
fair weather incandescent matter emitting visible light neous rocks formed as magma cools slowly
high latitudes the latitudes close to the as a result of high temperature—for exam- deep below the surface
poles; those that sometimes receive no ple, a lightbulb, a flame from any burning inverse proportion the relationship in
solar radiation at noon source, and the Sun are all incandescent which the value of one variable increases
high-pressure center another term for sources because of high temperature while the value of the second variable de-
anticyclone incident ray a line representing the direction creases at the same rate (in the same ratio)
horsepower a measurement of power de- of motion of incoming light approaching a inversion a condition of the troposphere
fined as a power rating of 550 ft∙lb/s boundary when temperature increases with height

G-7 Glossary