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first law of motion every object remains the same temperature as the melting point /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
having weak cohesive forces acting be-
at rest or in a state of uniform straight-line for a given substance tween them, resulting in the characteristic
motion unless acted on by an unbalanced frequency the number of cycles of a vibration indefinite shape and indefinite volume of a
force or of a wave occurring in 1 second, mea- gas
first law of thermodynamics a statement sured in units of cycles per second (hertz) gasohol a solution of ethanol and gasoline
of the law of conservation of energy in the freshwater water that is not saline and is fit Geiger counter a device that indirectly mea-
relationship between internal energy, work, for human consumption sures ionizing radiation (beta and/or
and heat front the boundary, or thin transition zone, gamma) by detecting “avalanches” of elec-
first quarter the moon phase between the between air masses of different temperatures trons that are able to move because of the
new phase and the full phase when the frost ice crystals formed by water vapor ions produced by the passage of ionizing
Moon is perpendicular to a line drawn condensing directly from the vapor phase; radiation
through Earth and the Sun; one-half of the frozen water vapor that forms on objects general theory of relativity Einstein’s geo-
lighted Moon can be seen from Earth, so frost wedging the process of freezing and metric theory of gravity; gravity is an inter-
this phase is called the first quarter thawing water in small rock pores and action between a mass and the space and
floodplain the wide, level floor of a valley cracks that become larger and larger, even- time geometry of space
built by a stream; the river valley where a tually forcing pieces of rock to break off geologic time scale a “calendar” of geologic
stream floods when it spills out of its channel fuel rod a long zirconium alloy tube con- history based on the appearance and dis-
fluids matter that has the ability to flow or taining fissionable material for use in a appearance of particular fossils in the sedi-
be poured; the individual molecules of a nuclear reactor mentary rock record
fluid are able to move, rolling over or by full moon the moon phase when Earth is geomagnetic time scale a time scale estab-
one another between the Sun and the Moon and the lished from the number and duration of
focus the place beneath the surface where entire side of the Moon facing Earth is magnetic field reversals during the past
the waves of an earthquake originate illuminated by sunlight 6 million years
folds bends in layered bedrock as a result functional group the atom or group of at- geosynchronous satellite a satellite that
of stress or stresses that occurred when oms in an organic molecule that is respon- turns with Earth and does not appear to
the rock layers were in a ductile condition, sible for the chemical properties of a par- move across the sky
probably under considerable confining ticular class or group of organic chemicals geothermal energy heat from beneath
pressure from deep burial fundamental charge the smallest com- Earth’s surface, usually reaching the surface
foliation the alignment of flat crystal flakes mon charge known; the magnitude of the in the form of geysers, steam, or hot water
of a rock into parallel sheets charge of an electron and a proton, which giant planets the large outer planets Jupiter,
force a push or pull capable of changing the is 1.60 × 10 −19 coulomb Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune that all have
state of motion of an object; a force has fundamental forces four forces that cannot similar densities and compositions
magnitude (strength) as well as direction be explained in terms of any other force; glacier a large mass of ice on land that is
force field a model describing action at a gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, formed from compacted snow and slowly
distance by giving the magnitude and di- and strong nuclear moves under its own weight
rection of force on a unit particle; considers fundamental frequency the lowest fre- globular clusters symmetrical and tightly
a charge or a mass to alter the space sur- quency (longest wavelength) that can set packed clusters of as many as a million stars
rounding it and a second charge or mass to up standing waves in an air column or on that move together as subgroups within the
interact with the altered space with a force a string Milky Way galaxy
formula describes what elements are in a fundamental properties a property that glycerol an alcohol with three hydroxyl
compound and in what proportions cannot be defined in simpler terms other groups per molecule—for example, glyc-
formula weight the sum of the atomic than to describe how it is measured; the erin (1,2,3-propanetriol)
weights of all the atoms in a chemical fundamental properties are length, mass, glycogen a highly branched polysaccharide
formula time, and charge synthesized by the human body and stored
fossil any evidence of former prehistoric life in the muscles and liver; serves as a direct
fossil fuels organic fuels that contain the G reserve source of energy
stored radiant energy of the Sun converted g the symbol representing the acceleration glycol an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups
to chemical energy by plants or animals that of an object in free fall due to the force of per molecule—for example, ethylene glycol
2
2
lived millions of years ago; coal, petroleum, gravity; its magnitude is 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s ) that is used as an antifreeze
and natural gas are the common fossil fuels galactic clusters gravitationally bound sub- gram-atomic weight the mass in grams of
Foucault pendulum a heavy mass swinging groups of as many as 1,000 stars that move 1 mole of an element that is numerically
from a long wire that can be used to pro- together within the Milky Way galaxy equal to its atomic weight
vide evidence about the rotation of Earth galaxy a group of billions and billions of stars gram-formula weight the mass in grams of
fracture strain an adjustment to stress in that form the basic unit of the universe; for 1 mole of a compound that is numerically
which materials crack or break as a result example, Earth is part of the solar system, equal to its formula weight
of the stress which is located in the Milky Way galaxy gram-molecular weight the gram-formula
free fall when objects fall toward Earth with gamma ray very short-wavelength electro- weight of a molecular compound
no forces acting upward; air resistance is magnetic radiation emitted by decaying granite a light-colored, coarse-grained ig-
neglected when considering an object to nuclei neous rock common on continents; igne-
be in free fall gases a phase of matter composed of mol- ous rocks formed by blends of quartz and
freezing point the temperature at which a ecules that are relatively far apart moving feldspars, with small amounts of micas,
phase change of liquid to solid takes place; freely in a constant, random motion and hornblende, and other minerals

Glossary G-6