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rather than decreasing with height; a cap K /207/es/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles
landslide general term for rapid movement
of cold air over warmer air that results in of any type or mass of materials
Kelvin scale a temperature scale that does
increased air pollution last quarter the moon phase between the
not have arbitrarily assigned referent
ion an atom or a particle that has a net full phase and the new phase when the
points, and zero means nothing; the zero
charge because of the gain or loss of elec- Moon is perpendicular to a line drawn
point on the Kelvin scale (also called ab-
trons; polyatomic ions are groups of bond ed through Earth and the Sun; one-half of the
solute scale) is the lowest limit of tempera-
atoms that have a net charge lighted Moon can be seen from Earth, so
ture, where all random kinetic energy of
ion exchange reaction a reaction that takes this phase is called the last quarter
molecules ceases
place when the ions of one compound inter- latent heat refers to the heat “hidden” in
Kepler’s first law describes how each planet
act with the ions of another, forming a solid phase changes
of the solar system moves in an elliptical
that comes out of solution, a gas, or water latent heat of fusion the heat absorbed when
orbit, with the Sun located at one focus
ionic bond the chemical bond of electro- 1 gram of a substance changes from the solid
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion three
static attraction between negative and posi- to the liquid phase, or the heat released by
laws describing the motion of the planets in
tive ions 1 gram of a substance when changing from
the solar system
ionic compounds chemical compounds that the liquid phase to the solid phase
Kepler’s second law describes how an imag-
are held together by ionic bonds—that is, latent heat of vaporization the heat ab-
inary line between the Sun and a planet
bonds of electrostatic attraction between sorbed when 1 gram of a substance changes
moves over equal areas of the ellipse during
negative and positive ions from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase,
equal time intervals
ionization the process of forming ions from or the heat released when 1 gram of gas
Kepler’s third law a relationship in plane-
molecules changes from the gaseous phase to the liq-
tary motion that the square of the period of
ionization counter a device that measures uid phase
an orbit is directly proportional to the cube
ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, laterites highly leached soils of tropical cli-
of the radius of the major axis of the orbit
etc.) by indirectly counting the ions pro- mates; usually red with high iron and alu-
ketone an organic compound with the gen-
duced by the radiation minum oxide content
eral formula RCOR′, where R is one of the
ionized an atom or a particle that has a latitude the angular distance from the equa-
hydrocarbon groups—for example, methyl
net charge because it has gained or lost tor to a point on a parallel that tells you
or ethyl
electrons how far north or south of the equator the
kilocalorie the amount of energy required
ionosphere that part of the atmosphere— point is located
to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram
parts of the thermosphere and upper lava magma, or molten rock, that is forced
of water 1 degree Celsius: equivalent to
mesosphere—where free electrons and to the surface from a volcano or a crack in
1,000 calories
ions reflect radio waves around Earth and Earth’s surface
kilogram the fundamental unit of mass in
where the northern lights occur law of conservation of energy energy is
the metric system of measurement
iron meteorites the meteorite classifica- never created or destroyed; it can only be
kinetic energy the energy of motion; can be
tion group whose members are composed converted from one form to another as the
measured from the work done to put an ob-
mainly of iron total energy remains constant
ject in motion, from the mass and velocity
island arcs curving chains of volcanic islands law of conservation of mass same as the law
of the object while in motion, or from the
that occur over belts of deep-seated earth- of conservation of matter; mass, including
amount of work the object can do because
quakes—for example, the Japanese and single atoms, is neither created nor de-
of its motion
Indonesian islands stroyed in a chemical reaction
kinetic molecular theory the collection of
isomers chemical compounds with the same law of conservation of matter matter is nei-
assumptions that all matter is made up of
molecular formula but different molecular ther created nor destroyed in a chemical
tiny atoms and molecules that interact phys-
structures; compounds that are made from reaction
ically, that explain the various states of mat-
the same numbers of the same elements but law of conservation of momentum the to-
ter, and that have an average kinetic energy
have different molecular arrangements tal momentum of a group of interacting
that defines the temperature of a substance
isotope atoms of an element with identi- objects remains constant in the absence of
Kuiper Belt a disk-shaped region of small
cal chemical properties but with different external forces
icy bodies some 30 to 100 AU from the Sun;
masses; isotopes are atoms of the same ele- light ray model a model using lines to show
the source of short-period comets
ment with different numbers of neutrons the direction of motion of light to describe
the travels of light
light-year the distance that light travels
J L through empty space in 1 year, approxi-
12
12
jet stream a powerful, winding belt of wind L-wave seismic waves that move on the solid mately 9.5 × 10 km (5.86 × 10 mi)
near the top of the troposphere that tends surface of Earth much as water waves move linear scale a scale, generally on a graph,
to extend all the way around Earth, mov- across the surface of a body of water where equal intervals represent equal
ing generally from the west in both hemi- laccolith an intrusive rock feature that changes in the value of a variable
spheres at speeds of 160 km/h or more formed when magma flowed into the plane lines of force lines drawn to make an
joint a break in the continuity of a rock for- of contact between sedimentary rock lay- electric field strength map, with each line
mation without a relative movement of the ers, then raised the overlying rock into a originating on a positive charge and ending
rock on either side of the break blisterlike uplift on a negative charge; each line represents a
joule the metric unit used to measure work lake a large inland body of standing water path on which a charge would experience
and energy; can also be used to measure landforms the features of the surface of a constant force, and lines closer together
heat; equivalent to newton-meter Earth such as mountains, valleys, and plains mean a stronger electric field
Glossary G-8