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heat death of, 107 W Web sites
nuclear energy, 345 biodiesel, 75
oscillating theory of, 369 Warm front, 573 geothermal energy, 470
Wastewater treatment, 604–606
stars, 354–62 NASA, 380
University of Salford (England), 126 Water. See also Freshwater; Ground water; perpetual motion and free energy machines, 106
Hydropower; Lakes; Oceans; Pollution; Rivers;
Unleaded gasoline, 306 pseudoscience, 16
Unpaired electrons, 237 Streams; Surface water; Water supply; Water windchill factor, 550
Unpolarized light, 191 vapor Wedge, 65
average kinetic energy, 103
Unsaturated hydrocarbon, 304 Wedging effects, 503
Updraft, 575–76 chemical change, 231 Wegener, Alfred, 461
conduction rate, 97
Uranium Weight, 43–44. See also Mass
nature of nucleus, 327 density, 9 Weightlessness, 53–54
nuclear equations, 325 distribution of on Earth, 598, 599 Well water, 276
erosion, 508–10
nuclear fission, 337, 338 Westinghouse, George, 162
radioactive decay and half-life, 329, 330, frequency of molecule, 243 Wheel and axle, 65
hard and soft, 290–92
331, 332, 530 Whipple, Fred, 389
Uranus, 380, 388, 390 household supply, 276 White asbestos, 444
Urban heat island effect, 573, 584, 585 hydrogen as alternative energy source, 80 Whitecap, 613
molecular and structural formulas, 253
Urey, Harold, 425 White dwarf stars, 358, 360, 366
Ussher, Archbishop, 529 pH of, 513 Wigeon grass, 612
properties of, 275, 276–84
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotrophy Probe (WMAP),
V quality of, 600, 604–605 365, 366
refraction of light, 185
Vacuum, and conduction rate, 97 Willow bark, 310
regional climate factors, 583
Valence electrons, 232, 244 WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles), 368
solutions, 284–86
Validity, of experimental results, 15 Wind(s)
specific heat, 96
Valine, 311 speed of sound, 123 atmosphere, 548–53
Valley glaciers, 510, 511 standard unit of mass, 6 defined, 541, 548
Value, and units of measurement, 4 as energy source, 61, 78–79, 551
structure of molecules, 275, 277–79
Vapor, 88 erosion, 512–14
waves, 118
Variable(s) Windchill factor, 550
Watersheds, 600, 602
equations, 10 Water supply, 276, 278, 598, 603–606 Winter solstice, 409
experimental, 15 Water table, 603 Wöhler, Friedrich, 300
Variable charge Wood
Water vapor, in atmosphere, 543–44,
of ions, 241 conduction rate, 97
553–59, 566
of transition elements, 221, 236 electrical insulators, 143
Waterwheel device, and electric circuit, 146–47
Variable stars, 358 Watson, James, 245 as energy source, 71, 74
Vega (star), 411 Watt, James, 65 Work
Vega spacecraft, 390 defined, 61–62
Watt (W), 66, 152
Velocity. See also Speed electric potential, 145–46
Wave(s). See also Seismic waves
falling objects, 35 electrical power, 151–54
in air, 119–20
motion, 29–32 cyclonic storms, 574–75 energy flow, 69–70
sound in air, 123–24 defined, 118–19 heat and energy transfer, 94
Vent, of volcano, 490 power, 68
description, 120–21
Ventifacts, 512 units of, 62–64
energy of, 127–28
Venus, 157, 380–82, 425 World Health Organization, 343
of light, 177, 178, 189–92, 194–95
Venus Express spacecraft, 382 matter, 212–13
Vernal equinox, 409 mechanical waves, 119 X
Vertical displacement, of land, 487 Xenon, 218, 330, 338
seawater, 610–14
Vertical projectiles, 38, 39 X rays, 324, 336
sound, 115, 122–27
Vibrations, 115, 116–18, 129–31 Xylene, 304
Wave crest, 120–21, 610–11
Viking spacecraft, 383 Wave front, 124
Vine, F. J., 469 Wavelength, 121, 129, 611. See also Electromagnetic Y
Vinegar, 290, 310, 513 Yearly time, 417–18
spectrum
Vinyl chloride, 307 Yellowstone National Park, 79
Wave mechanics, 213
Virtual image, 183 Yellowstone River (Wyoming), 510
Wave motion, 119
Virtual photons, 145 Wave-particle duality of light, 212 Yields, and chemical equations,
Viruses, and water pollution, 277 Wave period, 611 232, 255
Visible light, 243 Young, Thomas, 189, 190, 191
Weak acids and bases, 288–89
Vitalist theory, 300 Ytterbium, 219, 338
Weather. See also Climate
Volcanic glass, 442 Yucca Mountain (Nevada), 345
clouds, 557–58, 559, 566–69
Volcanoes, 479, 489–94, 618 Doppler radar, 133
Volt (V), 146 forecasting and reports, 7, 572, 579 Z
Voltage, and electric circuits, 165–66
fronts, 570–74, 590 Zero gravity, 53
Voltage drop, 147
Moon, 557 Zero potential energy, 67
Voltage source, 147
precipitation, 569, 597 Zinc, 236, 262, 631
Volume, 7, 264 producers, 569–79 Zinc sulfide, 332
Von Laue, Max, 448 proverbs, 566 Zirconium, 338
Voyager spacecraft, 377, 386
Weathering, of Earth’s surface, 449, 501–505, 515 Zone of saturation, and groundwater, 603
Vulcanism (volcanism), 479. See also Volcanoes
I-15 Index 715
