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Styrene, 317 T revolution and rotation of Earth, 405,
Styrene-butadiene rubber, 315 413–19
Styrofoam, 97. See also Polystyrene Tahiti, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 586 units of measurement, 6
Tail, of comet, 391
Subbituminous coal, 76 velocity of falling objects, 36–37
Subcritical mass, 339 Talc, 438, 439 Time zones, 416, 417
Tambora (Indonesia, volcanic eruption,
Subduction zone, 464 Tin, 236, 241, 242, 262
Sublimation, 99 1815–1816), 493 Tinnitus, 123
Submarine canyons, 616 Technetium, 337, 338 Titan (Saturn), 387
Telephones, 160
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), 612 Titanium niobium oxide, 87
Substance, and specific heat, 95 Telescopes, 187 Tomatoes, 290, 513
Temperate climate zone, 581, 582
Substitution reaction, 307 Topaz, 439
Subtraction, of significant figures, 626 Temperature. See also Heat Tornadoes, 576–77
Sucrose, 285, 312 atmosphere, 545–47, 567, 568 Torricelli, Evangelista, 544
defined, 85, 88, 89
Suess, Eduard, 534 Total entropy, 107
Suffixes, and names of compounds, 240, 241 dew point, 556 Total internal reflection, 184
electrical conductors, 151
Sugar, and solutions, 285, 286. See also Sucrose Toxic organic chemicals, 610
Sulfates electromagnetic spectrum, 179 Transfer, of energy, 74
dissolved materials in seawater, 608 heat, 92–93, 95 Transform boundaries, and plate tectonics, 467
mineral-forming processes, 440
nonsilicate minerals, 437 Transformers, and electrical power, 162–65
polyatomic ions, 236 motion of molecules, 88 Transition elements, 216, 221
nuclear fusion, 344–45
solubility, 291, 631 Transmission axis, 192
Sulfides, 291, 437, 631 refraction of light, 185 Transparent materials, 180
Sulfite, 236 relative humidity, 541, 554, 632 Transportation
scales, 90–91, 624
Sulfur, 215, 235 energy conservation, 31, 78
Sulfur dioxide, 493 stars, 351, 356–57 erosion of rocks, 502
stress and strain on rock, 480
Sulfuric acid, 287, 289, 292, 513 Transverse wave, 119
Sulfur oxides, 292, 513 thermometers, 89–90 Trees, and mass movement, 507. See also Forests
Sumatra, and tsunami of 2004, 488–89 velocity of sound, 123 Trenches, oceanic, 462, 617
work and energy, 70
Summer solstice, 409 Triassic period, 532, 534
Sun. See also Solar system; Sunspots Tensional stress, 480 Triatomic molecules, 230, 231
Terbium, 219
climate of Earth, 545–46, 580 Triglyceride, 314
distances from planets to, 395 Terrestrial planets, 378 Trihalomethanes, 277
eclipses, 423–24 Tertiary period, 532, 534 Trilobites, 531
Tertiary treatment, of wastewater, 605
luminosity, 356 Trimethylpentane, 306
mass of, 627, 628 Tesla, Nikola, 162 Triple bond, 238
Test charge, and force fields, 144, 145
nuclear energy, 343 Trisodium phosphate (TSP), 291
as source of light, 178, 180 Teton Mountains (Wyoming), 489 Tritium, 207, 330, 338, 343
stars, 355, 356 Tetrahedrons, and minerals, 437, 438 Trojan asteroids, 392
Texture, of igneous rocks, 442
tides, 426 Trombe wall, 101
warming of atmosphere, 545–46 Thallium, 337 Tropical air mass, 570
Theory
Sundial, 413–14 Tropical climate zone, 581
Sundra trench, 488 Bohr’s model of atom, 203 Tropical depression, 577
Sunglasses, polarizing, 192 defined, 1, 19 Tropical storm, 577
electron theory of charge, 140–43
Sunset Crater (Arizona), 491 Tropical year, 417, 418
Sunspots, 588 of light, 177, 189, 194–96 Tropic of Cancer, 413, 416, 580
oscillating theory of universe, 369
Superconductors, 151 Tropic of Capricorn, 413, 416, 580
Supercooled clouds, 569 plate tectonics, 455, 461–70, 471 Tropopause, 547, 548
Supercritical mass, 339 of relativity, 196–98, 367, 388 Troposphere, 547, 548, 549
vitalism, 300
Supernova, 361 Trough, of wave, 121, 610–11
Superplumes, 461 Thermal motion, 106 Tsunami, 488–89
Thermodynamics, 85, 104–108
Superposition, principle of, 526 Tungsten, 143, 236
Supersaturated air, 568 Thermometers, 89–90 Tuning fork, 120, 121, 122, 129
Surf, 612–13 Thermoplastic polymers, 315 Tunnel mining, 443
Thermosphere, 547, 548
Surface, of Earth. See also Minerals; Plate tectonics; Turbidity current, 615
Rock(s) Thermostat, 89, 159–60 Turbines, 341, 551. See also Steam turbines
Third-class lever, 65
development of landscapes, 514–15 Typhoon, 577
diastrophism, 479 Third law of motion, 25, 44–46
erosion, 506–14 Thomson, J. J., 140, 205, 206 U
Thorium, 326, 329, 338, 530
faulting, 482–83 UFOs (unidentified flying objects), 395
folding, 480–81 Three Mile Island nuclear accident (Pennsylvania), Ultrasonic sound, 122
342–43
interpretation of, 477, 478–79 Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 546
soils, 506 Three-pronged electrical plug, 169 Umbra, 423–24
stress and strain, 479–80 Threshold model, of radiation exposure, 334 Unconformity, and sedimentary rocks, 526–27
Thrust fault, 483
weathering, 502–505 Undertow, 613
Surface currents, 615 Thulium, 219 Uniformitarianism, 478–79, 494, 526, 529
Thunderstorms, 549, 575–76. See also Lightning
Surface tension, 190 United Nations, 589
Surface water, 276, 600–602, 604–605 Tibetan Plateau, 466 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 335
Surface waves, 457, 485 Tides, 405, 424–26 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 20, 490
Time
S-wave, 457, 459, 485, 496 Units, of measurement, 4, 62–64
S-wave shadow zone, 459 concepts, 2 Universal law of gravitation, 49
geologic, 525, 529–34
Swell, and ocean waves, 611 Universal solvent, 275, 276
Symbols, and equations, 10, 623, 624 impulse, 48 Universe. See also Earth; Planets; Solar system;
Syncline, 480–81 measurement of speed, 27, 28 Stars; Sun
mineral-forming processes, 440
Synodic month, 419 “big bang” theory, 345, 365–66
Synthetic polymers, 307, 314–17 nuclear fusion, 344–45 galaxies, 362–67
714 Index I-14