Page 750 - 9780077418427.pdf

Volume/207/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefile
tiL12214_ndx_701-715.indd Page 711 09/10/10 11:40 AM user-f463
tiL12214_ndx_701-715.indd Page 711 09/10/10 11:40 AM user-f463 Volume/207/MHDQ243/tiL12214_disk1of1/0073512214/tiL12214_pagefiles

PCBs, 277 Plaster, 261 Precession, of Earth, 411
Peat, 76 Plastic(s), 143, 314–17 Precipitation, and weather, 569
Pendulum, 71–72, 73 Plastic deformation, 480 Prefixes
Peneplain, 515 Plastic strain, 480 metric system, 6
Pennsylvanian period, 532 Plate tectonics, theory of, 455, 461–70, 471, 478 names of chemical compounds, 241, 244
Penstocks, 77 Platinum, 262 Preservation, of food, 335
Pentane, 303, 307 Plato, 204 Pressure
Penumbra, 423–24 Playfair, John, 494 atmospheric, 544–45
Percent concentration, of solutions, 281 Pleistocene epoch, 532 mechanical weathering of rocks, 503
Percent by volume, of solutions, 281 Plucking, and glaciers, 510 mineral-forming processes, 440
Perchlorate, 236 Pluto, 378 stress and strain on Earth’s surface, 480
Perigee, 426 Plutonium, 327, 330, 338 weather fronts, 572
Perihelion, 398 Polar air mass, 570, 571 Primary coil, of transformer, 162, 163
Period(s) Polar climate zone, 581, 582 Primary loop, of nuclear reactor, 340
of geologic time scale, 531 Polar covalent bond, 239, 277 Primary stage, of wastewater treatment, 604
of vibration, 117–18 Polaris, 354, 411 Prime meridian, 412
of wave, 121 Polarization, of light, 190–92, 193 Prince William Sound earthquake (Alaska, 1964), 489
Periodic disturbances, 119 Polarized electrical plug, 169, 170 Principal quantum number, 213
Periodic motion, 116 Polar molecule, 277–78 Principle(s), scientific. See also Laws
Periodic table, 203, 216–21 Polaroid camera, 192 of crosscutting relationships, 526
Permanent magnets, 157 Pollution. See also Acid rain; Air pollution defined, 17
Permanganate, 236 estuaries, 610, 612 of faunal succession, 527–28
Permeability, and groundwater, 602 light, 361 of original horizontality, 526
Permian period, 532, 534 mining, 443 of superposition, 526
Perpetual motion machine, 106 wastewater treatment, 605 of uniformity, 478–79, 526, 529
Peru-Chile Trench, 465 water supply, 276, 277, 600 Prisms, 188–89
Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona), 524, 525 Polonium, 325 Problem solving, and equations, 11–13
Petrolatum, 306 Polyacrylonitriles (orlon, acrilan, creslan), 315, 317 Procedure, of measurement, 4
Petroleum, 74, 75, 299, 305–306, 610. See also Fossil fuels Polyamides, 317 Products
Petroleum ether, 306 Polyatomic ions, 236, 241 chemical equations, 232, 255
Petroleum jelly, 306 Polycarbonate (lexan), 315 nuclear equations, 326
PET (positron emission tomography) scan, 337 Polychloroprene (neoprene), 315 Prometheus, 74
pH scale, 289–90, 292, 513. See also Acid(s); Base(s) Polyesters, 317 Promethium, 338
Phanerozoic eon, 531, 532 Polyethylene, 307, 315, 316–17 Proof, of alcohol, 308
Phases Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 316 Propane, 258, 302, 303, 307
of matter, 87–88, 99–100, 102 Polymers, 307, 314 Properties
of Moon, 405, 423 Polymethyl methacrylate (plexiglas, lucite), 315 defined, 1, 3
Phenol, 315 Polypeptide, 311 equations and description of, 10
Phenyl group, 305 Polypropylene, 315, 316 fundamental, 5
Phobos (Mars), 384 Polysaccharides, 312 quantifying, 3–4
Phoenix, Arizona, and irrigation canals, 598, 599 Polystyrene (styrofoam), 315, 316, 317 referents, 3
Phosphates Polytetrafluoroethylene (teflon), 315, 317 Proportionality constant, 11
fertilizers, 606 Polyvinyl acetate, 315 Proportionality statements, 10–11
ions, 236 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 315, 316, 317 Propyl group, 307
nonsilicate minerals, 437 Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran), 315 Proteins, 311–12
solubility, 291, 631 Ponds, 602 Proton(s), 140, 206, 288, 326
Phosphite, 236 Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin 1732), 153 Proton acceptor, 288
Phosphor(s), 332 P orbitals, 214, 215 Proton donor, 288
Phosphoric acid, 287 Pore spaces, and groundwater, 602 Protoplanet(s), 398
Phosphorus, 215, 337, 447 Position, and energy, 67–69 Protoplanet nebular model, 393, 394
Photochemical smog, 267 Positive electric charge, 140–43 Protostar stage, 359
Photoelectric effect, of light, 193 Positive ion, 141 Proterozoic eon, 531, 532
Photographic film, 331 Post meridiem (p.m.), 413 Proxy data, 587
Photons, 194, 208 Potash, 291 Pseudoscience, 16
Photosynthesis, 71, 231–32, 543, 544, 609 Potassium Psychrometer, 555
Photovoltaic devices, 78, 167 electron dot notation, 218 Ptolemaic system, 396
Physical science, defined, 1, 2 electron structure, 215, 216 Ptolemy, 396
Picocurie (pCi), 332 ion, 235 P-type semiconductor, 167
Pinatubo, Mount (volcanic eruption 1991, Philippines), 493 radioactive decay and half-life, 330, 530 Pulley, 65
Pioneer spacecraft, 386 replacement reactions, 262 Pulsar, 361
Place, and Earth, 411–13 seawater, 608 Pupil, of eye, 186, 187
Planck, Max, 193, 208 solubility, 291, 631 Pure tone, 129
Planck’s constant (h), 194, 211 Potassium carbonate, 240 P-wave, 457, 459, 485, 486
Plane of the ecliptic, 406 Potassium chloride, 284 P-wave shadow zone, 459
Plane-polarized light, 191 Potassium hydroxide, 241, 287, 288
Planet(s). See also Earth; Jupiter; Mars; Mercury; Potassium nitrate, 284 Q
Neptune; Saturn; Uranus; Venus Potatoes, 290, 513 Quality of energy, 106
defined, 378 Potential difference, and electric potential energy, 146 Quantification
distances from Sun, 395 Potential energy (PE), 61, 67–68, 70, 72 of properties, 3–4
properties of, 380 Pound, as unit of measurement, 44 uses of chemical equations, 266
types of, 378–79 Powell, John Wesley, 514 Quantities, symbols and representation of, 10
Planetary nebulae, 351, 360 Power, and work, 64–66, 68 Quantization, of energy, 193–94
Plants, and microclimates, 585. See also Agriculture; Power tower, 78 Quantum (quanta), 193, 208
Fruit; Grasses; Photosynthesis; Trees Prearchean eon, 531, 532 Quantum leaps, 210, 211
Plasma(s), 88, 345 Precambrian period, 531, 532 Quantum mechanics model, of atom, 203, 212–15
I-11 Index 711