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NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Agency), 380, 585 North pole (magnetic), 154 Oort cloud, 389, 391
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 4, 6 North Star, 353, 354, 411 Opaque materials, 180
National Standard System (Canada), 4 N-type semiconductor, 167 Operational definition, 10, 43
National Weather Service, 550, 578 Nuclear energy, 71, 74, 77, 323, 334–46. See also Optics, 186–87
Native Americans Nuclear reactors Oranges, 290, 513
irrigation systems, 598, 599 Nuclear equations, 325–26 Orbit
measurement of time, 415 Nuclear fission, 336–39 of Earth, 589
Native elements, 437 Nuclear force, 32, 34, 327 of electrons, 210
Natural frequency, of vibration, 128 Nuclear fusion, 336, 342–45 of satellites, 52
Natural gas, 75, 256, 305, 306 Nuclear medicine, 336–37 Orbital, of electron, 214
Natural philosophy, 13 Nuclear power plants. See Nuclear reactors Ordovician period, 531–32, 533
Natural radioactivity, 323, 324–31 Nuclear reactions Organic acids, 308, 309–11
Nazca Plate, 465 measurement of radiation, 331–34 Organic chemistry. See also Organic compounds
Neap tides, 426 natural radioactivity, 323, 324–31 defined, 300
Near point, of vision, 186 nuclear energy, 334–46 hydrocarbons, 300–305, 307–11
Nearsightedness, 186, 187 Sun, 355 petroleum, 305–306
Nebulae, 354 Nuclear reactors, 77, 323, 334, 339–42 Organic compounds, 299, 300, 311–17
Negative acceleration, 31 Nuclear waste, 341–42, 344, 345 Organic halides, 307, 308
Negative electric charge, 140–43 Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982, 1987), 345 Orientation, of Earth’s axis, 408
Negative ion, 141 Nucleation centers, 440 Original horizontality, principle of, 526
Neodymium, 219, 530 Nucleons, 325 Orionid meteor shower, 392
Neolithic period, and night sky, 352 Nucleus. See also Condensation nuclei Orthoclase, 438, 439
Neon, 207, 215, 218, 265 of atom, 140, 141, 203, 206–207, 323, 327 Oscillating theory of universe, 369
Neptune, 377, 380, 388, 390, 398 of comet, 390 Oscillation, 117
Neptunium, 338 of galaxy, 362 O-type stars, 359
Nereid (Neptune), 398 Numbers, and units of measurement, 4 Out of phase waves, 126
Net force, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44 Numerical constant, 11 Overthrust, 483
Neutralization, of acids and bases, 288 Nutrients, and water pollution, 610 Overtones, 130
Neutrinos, 368 Nutrition, and pseudoscience, 16. See also Amino Oxbow lake, 508
Neutron(s), 140, 206–207, 326 acids; Calories; Carbohydrates Oxidation, 70, 504
Neutron star, 361 Oxidation-reduction reaction, 251, 260
New Madrid earthquake (Missouri, 1811), 484 O Oxides, 437, 631
New moon, 423 Objective lens, of microscope, 187 Oxidizing agents, 260
New Orleans, and Hurricane Katrina, 578–79 Object(s), 2–3. See also Falling objects Oxygen
Newton, Isaac, 14, 26, 43, 52, 54, 86, 144, 188, 189, 191, Oblate shape, of Earth, 407 atomic number, 208
399. See also Gravity, law of; Motion, laws of Observed lapse rate, 547 atomic weight, 207
Newton (N), 43, 44, 54 Obsidian, 442 composition of atmosphere, 543, 544
Newtonian physics, 140 Occluded front, 574 covalent compounds, 237
Newton-meter (n·m), 62 Ocean(s). See also Hydrologic cycle; Seawater crust of Earth, 434
Nichrome, 143 basin, 616–17 electron configuration, 215
Nickel, 236, 262, 338 carbon dioxide, 544 ion, 235
Nile River, 598 currents, 583, 610, 614–15 outer orbitals, 220
Niobium, 338 defined, 607 oxidizing agent, 260
Niter, 291 El Niño and La Niña, 586 seawater, 609
Nitrate, 236, 291, 631 floor, 616–18 triatomic molecules, 230
Nitric acid, 287, 289, 292, 513 mineral resources, 606 water molecules, 277
Nitrite, 236 nuclear fuels, 343 Oxygen-depleting chemicals, 610
Nitrogen offshore oil wells, 75 Ozone, 231, 546
atomic weight, 207 plate tectonics, 462–63, 464 Ozone layer, 546
composition of atmosphere, 543, 544 regional climate factors, 583
electron configuration, 215 ridges, 462–63, 617 P
radioactive isotopes and half-life of, 530 trenches, 462, 617 Pacific Ocean, 607
Nitrogen dioxide, 244, 292 waves, 610–11 Pacific Plate, 466, 467, 484
Nitrogen monoxide, 267, 292 Ocean-continent plate convergence, 465 Painted Desert (Arizona), 523
Nitrogen oxides, 292, 513 Oceanic crust, 458, 459 Paleocene epoch, 532
Nitroglycerine, 309, 317 Ocean-ocean plate convergence, 465–66 Paleomagnetics, 462
Nobel, Alfred, 309, 317 Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), 79 Paleontology, 523
Nobelium, 317 Octane, 302, 303, 305–306, 307 Paleozoic era, 531, 532
Noble gases, 218, 231 Octane number scale, 305 Palmitic acid, 310, 314
Nodes, 129 Octet rule, 232 Pangaea, 461, 533
Noise, 129 Octyl acetate, 310 Parabola, 39, 40
Nonane, 303, 307 Octyl group, 307 Paraffin series, 301
Nonelectrolytes, 284 Oersted, Hans Christian, 156–57, 161 Paraffin wax, 306
Nonferromagnesian silicates, 436, 437, 438, 442 Offshore oil drilling, 75 Parallel(s), and latitude, 412
Nonfoliated metamorphic rock, 447, 448 Ohm, G. S., 150 Parallel circuit, 166, 168
Nonmetals, 218–21, 238, 242, 261 Ohm, 150 Parallel forces, 32, 33
Nonsilicates, and minerals, 437 Ohm’s law, 150, 169 Particle physics, 368
Nonyl group, 307 Oil(s), and organic compounds of life, 313–14 Particle theory of light, 178, 189, 192–94
Nooksack River (Washington), 511 Oil field, 305 Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb), 281
Noon, 413 Oleic acid, 314 Passel, Charles F., 550
Normal fault, 482 Oligocene epoch, 532 Passive solar energy, 78, 101
Normal pressure, 545 Olivine, 436, 438, 459 Pathfinder spacecraft, 383–84
North American Plate, 466, 467, 484 One atmosphere of pressure, 545 Pauli, Wolfgang, 215
North celestial pole, 352, 353 One-way mirror, 181 Pauli exclusion principle, 215
North Pole (Earth), 155, 156, 352, 407, 408, 409 Oort, Jan, 390 Pauling, Linus, 245
710 Index I-10