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Quantum numbers, 213 Relay, and electromagnetic switch, 159 of household electrical circuits, 169–70
Quartz, 435, 436, 438, 439, 505 Reliability, of experimental results, 15 radiation exposure, 334
Quartzite, 448 Rem, 333 thunderstorms and lightning, 576
Quaternary period, 532, 534 Renaissance, and ideas about fossils, 523 Sagan, Carl Edward, 425
Quicklime, 261 Replacement, and fossilization process, 524–25 St. Helens, Mount (Washington), 479, 490, 491, 492, 494
Replacement reactions, 261–62 Salinity, 282, 609, 615
R Representative elements, 216 Salts. See also Sodium chloride
Rad, 333 Research, basic and applied forms of, 15, 214 in atmosphere, 544, 556–57
Radiant energy, 71, 98 Reservoirs, and water supply, 602 examples of common forms of, 291
Radiation. See also Radioactive decay; Radioactivity; Resistance freezing point of water, 286
Ultraviolet radiation electric circuits, 166, 168 periodic table, 216
food preservation, 335 work, 70 properties of, 290
heat transfer, 98, 99 Resistance distance, 64 Samarium, 219, 338, 530
measurement of, 331–34 Resistance forces, 34, 64 San Andreas fault, 467, 484
Radiation zone, of star, 355 Resonance, 115, 128, 243 Sand, and permeability of soils, 602
Radioactive decay, 323, 325, 328–31 Resonant frequency, 128 Sandstone, 445, 448, 602
Radioactive decay series, 329–31 Resource cost, of mining, 443 San Francisco earthquakes (1906 and 1989), 487
Radioactivity, 324. See also Natural radioactivity; Responding variable, 629 San Joaquin Valley (California), 481
Radiation Retina, of eye, 186, 187 Santa Ana winds, 552
Radiometric age, of rocks, 530 Reverberation, 125 Sargasso Sea, 607–608
Radiopharmaceuticals, 337 Reversals, of magnetic field, 157, 461–62, 463 Satellites, 52
Radio telescopes, 364 Reverse fault, 483 Saturated hydrocarbons, 304
Radium, 218, 325, 327 Revolution, of Earth, 405, 408–409 Saturated liquids, 103
Radon, 218, 328, 338 Rhyolite, 442 Saturated solution, 283
Radura, 335 Richter, Charles, 487 Saturation. See Zone of saturation
Rainbow, 18, 190 Richter scale, 487 Saturn, 157, 380, 387–88, 389
Rainbow Bridge (Utah), 503 Ridges, and ocean floor, 462–63, 617. See also Scattering, of light, 192
Raindrops, shape of, 285 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 382
Rainmaking, artificial, 569 Rift valley, 617 Schist, 447
Rainwater, 290, 513 Rip current, 613–14 Schrödinger, Erwin, 213
Ranks, of coal, 76 Risk-push, and plate tectonics, 468, 469 Schrödinger equation, 213
Rare earths, 219 Rivers, and erosion, 508, 509–10 Science. See also Astronomy; Astrophysics; Earth
Rarefaction, 120 Rochelle salt, 291 sciences; Meteorology; Organic chemistry;
Rare gases, 218 Rock(s). See also Folding; Granite; Limestone; Quartz; Physical science
Rate Rock cycle; Sandstone defined, 1, 15, 26
of acceleration, 29 amorphic, 441 explanations and investigations, 14–16
of energy transformation, 64–65 defined, 433, 434, 441 laws and principles, 17
Ratios. See also Conversion ratio igneous, 433, 441–43 models, 17–19
equations, 623 landscapes and structure of, 514 nature of, 13–14
measurement, 7–9 metamorphic, 433, 446–48 pseudoscience, 16
Raw primary sludge, 604 moon, 419, 421 research, 214
Ray, model of light as, 178 reading of history from, 525–28 scientific method, 14
Rayleigh waves, 457 sedimentary, 433, 441, 444–46 theory, 19
Rayon, 315 weathering, 449, 502–505 Scientific investigation, 14
Reactants, and chemical equations, 231, 255 Rock bedding, 480, 481 Scientific method, 14
Reagan, Ronald, 345 Rock cleavage, 446 Scientific notation, 627–28
Real image, 183 Rock cycle, 433, 448–49, 478, 502 Scintillation counter, 331, 332
Reciprocal, 623 Rock flour, 231, 512 Screw, 65
Recoverable geothermal resources, 79 Rocky Mountains, 489, 602 Scuba diving, 283
Recycling Rogue waves, 613 Sea(s), 607, 608. See also Ocean(s); Seawater
of mineral resources, 447 Roman Empire Sea breeze, 550, 551
of plastics, 316 calendar, 418 Seafloor spreading hypothesis, 19, 463
Red giant stars, 358, 359 optics, 186 Sea ice, 609
Redox reaction, 260 units of measurement, 4 Sea level, and hurricanes, 578
Red Sea, 464 water supply, 598 Seamounts, 617, 618
Redshift, 133, 365, 366 Roman numerals, and names of chemical compounds, Sea salt, 608–609
Reducing agents, 260 241, 242 Seawater. See also Oceans
Reference frames, and relativity, 196 Rotation, of Earth, 405, 408, 410–11, 426 density, 9
Referent, 3 Rounding, of significant figures, 626 freezing point, 286
Reflected ray, 182 Rowland, F. Sherwood, 558 mineral resources, 606
Reflecting telescope, 187 Rubber, and electrical insulators, 143 movement of, 609–15
Reflection Rubber alcohol, 281 nature of, 608–609
of light, 177, 180, 182–83, 192 Rubidium, 216, 218, 530 pH, 290
of wave, 124–26 Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), 107 salinity, 282
Refracted ray, 183 Runoff, and freshwater, 599 specific heat, 96
Refracting telescope, 187 Russell, Henry, 358 speed of sound, 123
Refraction Russia. See Chernobyl nuclear accident; Kamchatka Seaweeds, 609
of light, 177, 183–85, 189 Rust, of iron, 229, 261 Second(s), 6
of waves, 124, 612 Ruthenium, 338 Secondary coil, of transformer, 162, 163
Rejuvenation, and landform development, 515 Rutherford, Ernest, 206, 207, 324 Secondary loop, of nuclear reactor, 341
Relationships, representation of by equations, 13 Secondary stage, of wastewater treatment, 604
Relative dating, 528 S Second-class lever, 65
Relative humidity, 541, 554, 632 Safety Second law of motion, 25, 41–43
Relative intensity, of earthquake, 487 asbestos, 444 Second law of thermodynamics, 105–108
Relativity, theory of, 196–98, 367 earthquakes, 488 Sedimentary rocks, 433, 441, 444–46, 480, 526–27
712 Index I-12