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Seismic tomography, 461 Sodium. See also Salts; Sodium chloride missions to study comets and asteroids, 390
Seismic waves, 455, 457, 461, 484, 486 electron configuration, 215 missions to Venus, 382
Seismometer, 485, 486, 487 electron dot notation, 218 Special theory of relativity, 196–97
Selective absorption, of light, 192 electronegativity, 239 Specific gravity, of minerals, 439–40
Semiarid climate, 584 electron structure, 216 Specific heat, 94–95, 96, 277, 279
Semiconductors, 143, 167, 218–21 ion, 235 Spectrum, and color of stars, 357. See also
Series circuit, 165–66 replacement reactions, 262 Electromagnetic spectrum
Shale, 445 seawater, 608 SPECT (single photon emission computerized
Shallow-focus earthquakes, 485, 487 solubility, 291, 631 tomography) scan, 337
Shape, of Earth, 406–408, 466 Sodium bicarbonate, 290 Speed. See also Velocity
Sharks, 9 Sodium carbonate, 240, 288, 291 of light, 183–84, 196
Shasta, Mount (California), 492 Sodium chloride. See also Salts; Sodium Mach number, 133
Shear stress, 480 boiling point, 285 measurement, 27–28, 29
Sheet erosion, 508 concentration of solutions, 283 Spherical waves, 124
Sheet silicates, 437 crystal structure, 436, 439 Spin, direction of electron, 214–15
Shell(s), and fossilization, 524 ion exchange reactions, 262 Spin quantum number, 215
Shell model of nucleus, 327 ionic bonds, 234 Spring, stretching or compression of, 116, 119
Shield volcanoes, 490–91 ionic compounds, 235 Spring equinox, 409
Shivering, and temperature, 92 solubility, 284, 286 Spring tides, 426
Shock wave, 131, 132, 133 Sodium hydroxide Stable nucleus, 327
Shoemaker-Levy (comet), 386 bases, 287, 288, 289 Stadia (stadium), as unit of measurement, 4
Short circuit, electrical, 169 formulas of ionic compounds, 242 Stage, of landform development, 515
Side chains, 311 names of ionic compounds, 241 Standard atmospheric pressure, 545
Sidereal day, 414 properties of salts, 290 Standards Council of Canada, 4
Sidereal month, 419 Sodium ion, 232–33 Standard time zones, 416, 417
Sidereal year, 418 Sodium nitrate, 241, 284 Standard units, of measurement, 4, 5–6
Sierra Nevada (California), 489, 503 Sodium nitrite, 241 Standing waves, 129–30, 213
Sievert (Sv), 333 Soft water, 290–92 Star(s)
Significant figures, 625–26 Soils brightness of, 351, 355–56
Silent Spring, The (Carson, 1962), 616 defined, 501 life cycle of, 358–62
Silica, 524 groundwater and permeability of, 602 origin of, 351, 354–55
Silicates, 291, 436–37, 438, 459 specific heat, 96 temperature, 351, 356–57
Silicon weathering, 506 types of, 357, 358
crust of Earth, 434 Sojourner spacecraft, 383 Starches, 312, 313
electron configuration, 215 Solar cells, 78, 167 Stardust spacecraft, 391
periodic table, 218 Solar eclipse, 424 Static electricity, 139, 141–42
semiconductors, 221 Solar energy, 78–79, 101, 180, 355 Stationary front, 573–74
solar cells, 167 Solar radiation. See Sun Steam
Siltstone, 445 Solar system. See also Earth; Planets; Sun geothermal energy, 79
Silurian period, 531–32 geocentric model of, 395–96 specific heat, 96
Silver heliocentric model of, 396–99 Steam generator, of nuclear reactor, 341
conduction rate, 97 model of atom, 207 Steam turbines, 72, 341
electrical conductors, 143 origin of, 377, 393–95 Stearic acid, 314
ions, 236 small bodies of, 378, 388–93 Steel, and speed of sound, 123
polish, 260 Solenoid, 160 Step-down transformer, 163, 164
replacement reactions, 262 Solid(s), 87–88 Step-up transformer, 163, 165
solubility, 631 Solid-gas phase change, 99 Stock, and intrusive rocks, 492
specific heat, 96 Solid inner core, 459, 460 Stonehenge (England), 352, 353
Silver iodide, 569 Solid-liquid phase change, 99, 100 Stone Mountain (Georgia), 503
Simple harmonic motion, 117 Solid-state technology, 167 Stony-iron meteorites, 392
Simple line graph, 629–30 Solstices, 409 Stony meteorites, 392, 393, 459, 460
Simple machines, 64–65 Solubility, 283–84, 291, 631. See also Solutions Storms, and weather, 575–79. See also Cyclones and
Simple sugars, 312 Solute, 279 cyclonic storms; Hurricanes; Thunderstorms;
Single bond, 238 Solutions, 280–86. See also Solubility Tornadoes
Singularity, and black hole, 361 Solvents, 279 Straight-chain alkanes, 302, 303
Sinusoidal (sine) graph, 118 Sommerfeld, A., 211 Straight-chain hydrocarbons, 306
Siple, Paul A., 550 Sonar device, 125–26 Straightline path, of light, 180
Size Sonic boom, 131, 133 Strain, on Earth’s surface, 477
of atmosphere, 542–43 S orbitals, 214 Stratocumulus clouds, 559
of atom, 204 Sound Stratopause, 547, 548
of Earth, 406 loudness of, 115, 127–28 Stratosphere, 547, 548
Sky, color of, 192 quality, 129, 130 Stratovolcano, 491
Skydiving, 39 sources of, 115, 129–33 Stratus clouds, 558, 559
Slab-pull, and plate tectonics, 469, 471 waves, 115, 122–28 Streak, and minerals, 438
Slate, 447 South American Plate, 465 Streams, 29, 508, 509–10, 599, 600. See also Rivers
Slipstream, 37 South celestial pole, 352, 353 Stress, on Earth’s surface, 477, 484
Slope, of line graph, 629–30 Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), 586 Strip mining, 443
Slug, 44 South Pole (Earth), 352, 407, 408 Stromatolites, 521
Small solar system bodies, 378, 388–93 South pole (magnetic), 154 Strong acids and bases, 288–89
Smith, William “Strata,” 523, 530–31 Space heating, 470 Strontium
Smog, 244, 267 Space travel and spacecraft. See also Apollo space electron configuration, 216, 218
Smoothness, and reflection of light, 180 missions half-life and radioactive decay, 330, 338, 530
Snowflakes, 278 cost of, 384 metals and charge of, 219
Soap, 279, 280, 314 gravity, 53 solubility, 631
Soda, 240 missions to Mars, 383 Structural formulas, 252, 301
I-13 Index 713