Page 14 - Ranger SPM 2022 Chemistry

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
9. Petroleum needs to undergo refining 12. Therefore, long-chain hydrocarbons
process before it can be used. The with higher boiling point will
refining process of petroleum involves accumulate at the bottom of the
two stages: tower and condense into liquid.
(a) Fractional distillation
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(b) Cracking 13. Hydrocarbons with shorter chains
remain as gas and moves to the top
10. Fractional distillation is the of the tower. Hydrocarbon fractions
separation of petroleum according will condense at different levels
to the size of the hydrocarbons at according to their own boiling point.
different boiling points.
14. The hydrocarbon at the highest part
11. Petroleum is heated in an evaporating of the tower is the one with the
furnace and channeled to a fractional lowest boiling point and remains as
tower. The temperature at the gas.
bottom of the tower is the highest
and gets cooler towards the top of
the tower.
Petroleum gas
C – C <40 °C
Fractional 1 4
distillation
tower Petrol
C – C 40–75 °C
5
9
Naphtha
C – C 75–150 °C
10
5
Kerosene
C – C 160–250 °C
10
16
Diesel
C – C 125–300 °C
14 20
Petroleum Lubricating oil
C – C 300–350 °C
29
50
Fuel oil
C – C 350–500 °C
20
70
Furnace
Bitumen
>C >500 °C
Fractional distillation 70
column Form 5
Diagram 2.2 Fractional tower
15. The fractions of hydrocarbons
derived from fractional distillation Thermometer
are used as:
(a) Fuels Round Water out
(b) Raw materials for petrochemical bottom flask Liebig condenser
products
Petroleum
16. Petroleum fractional distillation can Water in
be carried out in the laboratory as Porcelain Distillate
chips
in Diagram 2.3.
Diagram 2.3 Petroleum fractional distillation
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02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 143 29/03/2022 2:27 PM