Page 16 - Ranger SPM 2022 Chemistry

Chemistry SPM Chapter 2 Carbon Compound
Table 2.3 Characteristics of homologous series
Homologous series General formula Functional group
C H 2n+2 , & &
n
Alkane n = 1, 2, 3…… Carbon-carbon single bond !C!C!
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& &
C H , & &
2n
n
Alkene n = 2, 3, 4…… Carbon-carbon double bond !C"C!
C H ,
n
2n–2
Alkyne n = 2, 3, 4…… Carbon-carbon triple bond & &
C#C
C H OH,
Alcohol n 2n+1 !OH
n = 1, 2, 3…… Hydroxyl
C H COOH,
Carboxylic acid n 2n+1 Carboxyl !COOH
n = 0, 1, 2,……
C H COOC H ,
n 2n+1 m 2m+1
Ester n = 0, 1, 2,…… Carboxylate !COO!
m = 1, 2, 3……

Molecular Formula, Structural Formula and IUPAC Nomenclature of
Homologous Series Members
1. Molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number of every
element in a molecule.
2. Structural formula is a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and the
type of bond in a molecule.

Molecular formula of methane Structural formula of methane
H
CH &
4
H!C!H
&
H
Each ‘—‘ represents one pair of electrons shared. Form 5
3. Naming the members of each homologous series in a straight chain according to
the IUPAC nomenclature:

Root name
Suffix
Represents the number of carbon Represents the homologous series
atoms in the longest chain
4. Root name of the members of homologous series according to the number of
carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain.

Number of carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
atoms
Root name Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec

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02.5 RANGER SPM CHEMISTRY 2P.indd 145 29/03/2022 2:27 PM