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CHAPTER 13 Martha E. Rogers 227

doctoral programs of stature that focus on nursing Principles of Homeodynamics
as a learned field of endeavor (p. 34).

Resonancy Helicy Integrality
Barrett (1990b) notes that with increasing use of
technology and increasing severity of illness of hospi-
talized patients, students may be limited to observa-
tional experiences in these institutions. Therefore, the
acquisition of manipulative technical skills must be
accomplished in practice laboratories and at alterna-
tive sites, such as clinics and home health agencies. Midrange theories
Other sites for education include health promotion
programs, managed care programs, homeless shelters, Bultemeier Barrett Floyd
and senior centers. (1993) (1990a) (1983)
FIGURE 13-1 Theory development within the Science of
Research Unitary Human Beings.
Rogers’ conceptual model provides a stimulus and
direction for research and theory development in
nursing science. Fawcett (2000), who insists that the her overview of Rogerian science–based theories,
level of abstraction affects direct empirical observation Malinski (2009) identifies work within specific concepts:
and testing, endorses the designation of the Science of (1) self-transcendence (Reed, 2003), enlightenment
Unitary Human Beings as a conceptual model rather (Hills & Hanchett, 2001), and spirituality (Malinski,
than a grand theory. She states clearly that the purpose 1994; Smith, 1994); (2) turbulence (Butcher, 1993)
of the work determines its category. Conceptual mod- and dissonance (Bultemeier, 2002); (3) aging (Alligood
els “identify the purpose and scope of nursing and & McGuire, 2000; Butcher, 2003); (4) intentionality
provide frameworks for objective records of the effects (Ugarizza, 2002; Zahourek, 2005); and (5) unitary
of nursing” (Fawcett, 2005, p. 18). caring (Watson & Smith, 2002). Other middle-range
Emerging from Rogers’ model are theories that ex- theories encompass the phenomena of human field
plain human phenomena and direct nursing practice. motion (Ference, 1986), as well as creativity, actualiza-
The Rogerian model, with its implicit assumptions, tion, and empathy (Alligood, 1991b).
provides broad principles that conceptually direct the- Rogers (1986a) maintains that research in nurs-
ory development. The conceptual model provides a ing must examine unitary human beings as integral
stimulus and direction for scientific activity. Relation- with their environment. Therefore, the intent of
ships among identified phenomena generate both grand nursing research is to examine and understand a
(further development of one aspect of the model) and phenomenon and, from this understanding, design
middle-range (description, explanation, or prediction patterning activities that promote healing. To obtain
of concrete aspects) theories (Fawcett, 1995). a clearer understanding of lived experiences, the
Two prominent grand nursing theories grounded person’s perception and sentient awareness of what
in Rogers’ model are Newman’s health as expanding is occurring are imperative. The variety of events
consciousness and Parse’s human becoming (Fawcett, associated with human phenomena provides the
2005). Numerous middle-range theories have emerged experiential data for research that is directed toward
from Rogers’ three homeodynamic principles as fol- capturing the dynamic, ever-changing life experi-
lows: (1) helicy, (2) resonancy, and (3) integrality ences of human beings. Selecting the correct method
(Figure 13–1). Exemplars of middle-range theories for examining the person and the environment as
derived from homeodynamic principles include health-related phenomena is the challenge of the
power-as-knowing-participation-in-change (helicy) Rogerian researcher. Both quantitative and qualita-
(Barrett, 2010), the theory of perceived dissonance tive approaches have been used in the Science
(resonancy) (Bultemeier, 2002), and the theory of of Unitary Human Beings research, although not
interactive rhythms (integrality) (Floyd, 1983). In all researchers agree that both are appropriate.