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228 UNIT III Nursing Conceptual Models

Researchers do agree that ontological and epistemo- respects the inherent interconnectedness of phenom-
logical congruence between the model and the ena. A pattern profile is composed through a synopsis
approach must be considered and reflected by and synthesis of the data (Barrett, Cowling, Carboni,
the research question (Barrett, Cowling, Carboni, et al., 1997). Other innovative methods of recording
& Butcher, 1997). Quantitative experimental and and entering the human-environmental field phenom-
quasi-experimental designs are not appropriate, be- enon include photo-disclosure (Bultemeier, 1997),
cause their purpose is to reveal causal relationships. descriptive phenomenology (Willis & Griffith, (2010),
Descriptive, explanatory, and correlational designs hermeneutic text interpretation (Alligood & Fawcett,
are more appropriate, because they acknowledge 1999), and measurement of the effect of dialogue
diversity, universality, and patterned change. combined with noninvasive modalities (Leddy &
Specific research methods emerging from middle- Fawcett, 1997).
range theories based on the Rogerian model capture Rogerian instrument development is extensive
the human-environmental phenomena. As a means of and ever-evolving. A wide range of instruments for
capturing the unitary human being, Cowling (1998) measuring human-environmental field phenomena
describes the process of pattern appreciation using the have emerged (Table 13–2). The continual emergence
combined research and practice case study method. of middle-range theories, research approaches, and
Case study attends to the whole person (irreducibil- instruments demonstrates recognition of the impor-
ity), aims at comprehending the essence (pattern), and tance of Rogerian science to nursing.

TABLE 13-2 Research Instruments and Practice Tools Derived From the Science of
Unitary Human Beings
Human Field Motion Test (HFMT) (Ference, 1986; Measures human field motion by means of semantic differential ratings of
the concepts My Motor Is Running and My Field Expansion.
Perceived Field Motion Scale (PFM) (Yarcheski & Measures the perceived experience of motion by means of semantic
Mahon, 1991) differential ratings of the concept My Field Motion.
Human Field Rhythms (HFR) (Yarcheski & Measures the frequency of rhythms in the human-environmental energy
Mahon, 1991) field mutual process by means of a one-item visual analogue scale.
The Well-being Picture Scale (Gueldner et al., A non–language-based pictorial scale that measures concepts of frequency,
2005) (Terwilliger, Gueldner, & Bronstein, 2012) awareness, action, and power of energy field (general well-being) in
adults. Evaluated in children in 2012.
Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool Measures the person’s capacity to participate knowingly in change by
(PKPCT) (Barrett, 1990a, 2010) means of semantic differential ratings of the concepts Awareness,
Choices, Freedom to Act Intentionally, and Involvement in Creating
Changes.
Diversity of Human Field Pattern Scale (DHFPS) Measures diversity of human field pattern, or degree of change in the evo-
(Hastings-Tolsma, 1993) lution of human potential throughout the life process, by means of Likert
scale ratings of 16 items.
Human Field Image Metaphor Scale (HFIMS) Measures the individual’s awareness of the infinite wholeness of the
(Johnston, 1993, 1994) human field by means of Likert scale ratings of 14 metaphors that
represent perceived potential and 11 metaphors that represent per-
ceived field integrality.
Temporal Experience Scale (TES) (Paletta, 1990) Measures subjective experience of temporal awareness by means of Likert
scale ratings of 24 metaphors representing the factors of time dragging,
time racing, and timelessness.
Assessment of Dream Experience (ADE) Measures dreaming as a beyond waking experience by means of Likert
(Watson, 1999) scale ratings of the extent to which 20 items describe what the individual’s
dreams have been like during the past 2 weeks.