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398 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

universities. She received an honorary doctorate from is now available in the Japanese and Korean languages
Widener University in 1992. In 1988, she received the (Pender, 1997a, 1997b). Dr. Pender continues influ-
Distinguished Research Award from the Midwest Nurs- encing the nursing profession by providing leadership
ing Research Society for her contributions to research as a consultant to research centers and providing early
and research leadership, and in 1997 she received the scholar consultation (http://nursing.umich.edu/faculty-
American Psychological Association Award for out- staff/nola-j-pender). As a nationally and internation-
standing contributions to nursing and health psychol- ally known leader, Pender speaks at conferences and
ogy. Her widely used text, Health Promotion in Nursing seminars. She collaborates with the editor of the
Practice (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2002), was the American Journal of Health Promotion, advocating for
American Nurses Association Book of the Year for con- legislation to fund health promotion research (Pender,
tributions to community health nursing (http://nursing. personal communication, May 6, 2004).
umich.edu/faculty-staff/nola-j-pender). Pender’s future plans include travel to offer consul-
Pender was Associate Dean for Research at the tation and her speaking opportunities. She engages in
University of Michigan School of Nursing from 1990 some graduate teaching, including courses on theories
to 2001. In this position, she facilitated external fund- of nursing and scientific writing as a Distinguished
ing of faculty research, supported emerging centers of Professor at Loyola University in Chicago (Pender,
research excellence in the School of Nursing, promoted personal communication, February 27, 2008). She
interdisciplinary research, supported translating re- continues active mentoring through e-mail exchanges
search into science-based practice, and linked nursing with scholars beginning research programs (Pender,
research to formulation of health policy (http://nurs- personal communication, May 6, 2004).
ing.umich.edu/faculty-staff/nola-j-pender). A child and
adolescent health behavior research center initiated at
the University of Michigan in 1991 represents Pender’s Theoretical Sources
efforts to build a large interdisciplinary research team Pender’s background in nursing, human develop-
to study and influence the health-promoting behaviors ment, experimental psychology, and education led
of individuals by understanding how these behaviors her to use a holistic nursing perspective, social psy-
are established in youth (Pender, personal communica- chology, and learning theory as foundations for the
tion, May 24, 2000). Her program of research includes HPM. The HPM (Figure 21–1) integrates several con-
two major foci: 1.) Understanding how self-efficacy structs. Central to the HPM is the social learning
effects the exertion and affective (activity-related theory of Albert Bandura (1977), which postulates
affect) responses of adolescent girls to the physical the importance of cognitive processes in the changing
activity challenge; and, 2.) Developing an interactive of behavior. Social learning theory, now titled social
computer program as an intervention to increase cognitive theory, includes the following self-beliefs:
physical activity among adolescent girls. The Design self-attribution, self-evaluation, and self-efficacy. Self-
of a Computer Based Physical Activity Counseling efficacy is a central construct of the HPM (Pender,
Intervention for Adolescent Girls was a research pro- 1996; Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2002). The ex-
gram led by Dr. Lorraine Robbins (Robbins, Gretebeck, pectancy value model of human motivation described
Kazanis, & Pender, 2006). by Feather (1982) proposes that behavior is rational
Pender has published numerous articles on exer- and economical and was important to the model’s
cise, behavior change, and relaxation training as as- development.
pects of health promotion and has served on editorial The HPM is similar in construction to the health
boards and as an editor for journals and books. belief model (Becker, 1974), which explains disease
Pender is recognized as a scholar, presenter, and con- prevention behavior; but the HPM differs from the
sultant on health promotion. She has consulted with health belief model in that it does not include fear or
nurse scientists in Japan, Korea, Mexico, Thailand, threat as a source of motivation for health behavior.
the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, England, New The HPM expands to encompass behaviors for en-
Zealand, and Chile (N. Pender, curriculum vitae hancing health and applies across the life span
2000; Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2006). Her book (Pender, 1996; Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2002).