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CHAPTER 21 Nola J. Pender 399

MAJOR CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS
The major concepts and definitions presented are Perceived Self-Efficacy
found in the revised HPM (Pender et al, 2006). The Perceived self-efficacy is judgment of personal capa-
following are individual characteristics and experi- bility to organize and execute a health-promoting
ences that affect subsequent health actions (Pender, behavior. Perceived self-efficacy influences perceived
curriculum vitae, 2000). barriers to action, so higher efficacy results in low-

Prior Related Behavior ered perceptions of barriers to the performance of
the behavior.
Frequency of the same or similar behavior in the
past. Direct and indirect effects on the likelihood of Activity-Related Affect
engaging in health-promoting behaviors. An activity-related affect describes subjective posi-
tive or negative feelings that occur before, during,
Personal Factors and following behavior based on the stimulus prop-
Categorized as biological, psychological, and socio- erties of the behavior itself. Activity-related affect
cultural. These factors are predictive of a given be- influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the
havior and are shaped by the nature of the target more positive the subjective feeling, the greater is
behavior being considered. the feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of
efficacy can generate further positive affect.
Personal Biological Factors
Included in these factors are variables such as age, Interpersonal Influences
gender, body mass index, pubertal status, meno- These influences are cognitions concerning behav-
pausal status, aerobic capacity, strength, agility, and iors, beliefs, or attitudes of others. Interpersonal
balance. influences include norms (expectations of signifi-
cant others), social support (instrumental and emo-
Personal Psychological Factors tional encouragement), and modeling (vicarious
These factors include variables such as self-esteem, learning through observing others engaged in a
self-motivation, personal competence, perceived particular behavior). Primary sources of interper-
health status, and definition of health. sonal influences are families, peers, and health care
providers.
Personal Sociocultural Factors
Factors such as race, ethnicity, acculturation, educa- Situational Influences
tion, and socioeconomic status are included. Situational influences are personal perceptions and
The following are behavioral-specific cognitions cognitions of any given situation or context that can
and affects that are considered of major motiva- facilitate or impede behavior. They include percep-
tional significance; these variables are modifiable tions of available options, demand characteristics,
through nursing actions (Pender, 1996). and aesthetic features of the environment in which
given health-promoting behavior is proposed to
Perceived Benefits of Action take place. Situational influences may have direct or
Perceived benefits of action are anticipated positive indirect influences on health behavior.
outcomes that will result from health behavior. The following are immediate antecedents of
behavior or behavioral outcomes. A behavioral event
Perceived Barriers to Action is initiated by a commitment to action unless there
Perceived barriers to action are anticipated, imag- is a competing demand that cannot be avoided, or a
ined, or real blocks and personal costs of undertak- competing preference that cannot be resisted (Pender,
ing a given behavior. personal communication, July 19, 2000).
Continued