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480 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

journal. Most recently, it has informed the cocre- importance of listening and being nonjudgmental.
ation of two videos: Enduring Love: Transforming They also described being more satisfied in their
Loss is about how mothers and their families live roles, understanding how humanbecoming can
with the loss of a child, and Why Did Baby Die? guide their relationships with their colleagues and
Mothering Children Living with the Loss, Love and with patients and families, feeling renewed in their
Continuing Presence of a Baby Sibling focuses on commitment to nursing, and learning from
the surviving children. Both videos are available younger nurses. Protégé participants also shifted
from http://bookstore.yorku.ca. in the way they described the importance of the
4. The humanbecoming mentoring model (Parse, mentoring experience. They appreciated the guid-
2008b) was used in a study (Bournes & Plummer, ance and advice about work and skills that they
2011) that examined the impact of a mentoring had anticipated would come with the mentoring
program with experienced critical care nurses and experience, but they also shared that the mentor-
new graduate nurses interested in a career in criti- ship was inspiring to them and helped them to
cal care. It was designed to address critical issues imagine many career possibilities for their future
relating to recruitment and retention of critical in nursing. They also described respecting others’
care nurses, to enhance nurse mentoring capacity views, being less judgmental and more under-
at a university-affiliated teaching hospital, to eval- standing, listening more attentively to others’ sto-
uate a mentoring program for staff nurses, and to ries, and gaining new friends. They described
extend knowledge about the effectiveness and gen- acquiring new insights about people and about
eralizability the humanbecoming 80/20 model nursing, feeling more rounded, and understanding
(Bournes & Ferguson-Paré, 2007). A total of 11 themselves and their career goals more clearly.
experienced critical care nurse participants and 13 They also appreciated seeing the bigger picture in
new graduate nurse participants engaged in the relation to having a better understanding of the
program together. They spent 80% of their time in variety of nursing roles and of the various practice
direct patient care and 20% on professional devel- settings represented by participants in the study.
opment, with a focus on learning about humanbe- 5. The humanbecoming leading-following and teaching-
coming-guided nursing practice and mentoring learning models are used in Geneva, Switzerland,
and working together in mentoring dyads. The in health care settings and community centers for
experienced critical care nurses also participated families of persons living with cancer.
in separate humanbecoming mentor development There are convincing indications that the human-
workshops throughout the study. Findings dem- becoming theory is a fitting guide for practitioners
onstrated an overall increase in satisfaction of who want to create respectful partnerships with peo-
critical care nurses shown in the results of serial ple seeking assistance with health and quality of life.
employee opinion surveys. Sick time, overtime, More than 2 decades ago, Phillips (1987) suggested
and turnover trended downward among the par- that Parse’s work would transform the knowledge base
ticipant group as compared to nonparticipants. and the practice of nursing to a unitary perspective.
Mentor group participants shifted in the ways in Indeed, the humanbecoming theory is transforming
which they described the importance of the men- practice in numerous settings, and evaluations are
torship experience. Mentor participants, though positive (Bournes, 2002b; Bournes & Ferguson-Paré,
frustrated at times with having to learn theory, ap- 2007; Bournes, Plummer, Hollett, et al., 2011; Jonas,
preciated the refreshing and satisfying opportunity 1995; Legault & Ferguson-Paré, 1999). The humanbe-
to engage with their protégés. They described feel- coming theory directs attention to persons’ meanings
ing respected, feeling supported, and being chal- of health and quality of life and to their wishes, needs,
lenged in their learning to view the importance concerns, and preferences for information and care.
of nursing in a new way. They also described The future of health care is based on the development
deeper, more connected relationships than they of theories and practices that honor and respect peo-
had anticipated prior to the study. They spoke ple as experts about life experience and health. At least
about respect and concern for one another and the five of the largest teaching hospitals in Canada have