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CHAPTER 25 Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain 507

research. Findings from research studies continue to major constructs and theoretical linkages of the
support and validate the self-care knowledge con- theory (Erickson, 1990a). Hertz, Baas, Curl, and
struct and the importance of support and control as Robinson (1994) conducted an integrative review
well as other theoretical linkages. Erickson’s initial of research from 1982 to 1992 using Modeling
study provided evidence that psychosocial factors are and Role-Modeling as a theoretical basis. Empirical
significantly related to physical health problems evidence has provided bases for validation, refine-
(1976). A follow-up study in 1988 conducted by ment, and revision of the theory. Research will
Erickson, Lock, and Swain (H. Erickson, curriculum continue to expand the Modeling and Role-Modeling
vitae, February 1988) supported these findings, and Theory.
subsequent research has provided for the expansion
and enrichment of major theoretical concepts. As
described earlier in the chapter, perceived support, Further Development
perceived control, hope for the future, satisfaction As this theory is practiced, explored, examined, and
with daily life, need satisfaction, perceived auton- researched, much potential exists for further develop-
omy, AI, self-care knowledge, self-care actions, and ment. The theory continues to gain national and in-
self-care resources are some of the key concepts that ternational attention. One reason for this increased
have been supported and validated through research attention was the founding of the Society for the
studies. Several master’s and doctoral students at the Advancement of Modeling and Role-Modeling. The
University of Michigan School of Nursing, the Uni- society was formed to develop a network of col-
versity of Texas at Austin, and other universities have leagues who could advance the development and
pursed various research questions based on this the- application of the Modeling and Role-Modeling
ory. Campbell, Finch, Allport, Erickson, and Swain Theory. One of the society’s goals is to promote
(1985) conducted a research study at the University continued research related to the theory. The society
of Michigan Medical Center and hypothesized that held its first national symposium in 1986 and has met
the length of hospital stay correlated with the stages biennially thereafter. At the 1988 conference, held at
of development. They used a nursing assessment tool Hilton Head, South Carolina, the membership chair
adapted from the assessment model to measure announced that society members came from 12 states
a patient’s psychosocial development and to relate (H. Erickson, personal communication, 1988). By the
developmental status to the length of hospitalization 1990 conference in Austin, Texas, members repre-
and the number of health problems identified during sented more than 33 states (H. Erickson, personal
hospitalization. Results indicated that the balance of communication, July 1, 1992). These conferences
trust-mistrust accounts for a large percentage of the continue to provide a forum for researchers, educa-
variance in the length of hospitalization. No signifi- tors, and practitioners to disseminate knowledge
cant relationship was evident between psychosocial pertaining to the Modeling and Role-Modeling
coping skills and the number of health problems Theory and paradigm (H. Erickson, personal com-
identified. munication, 1988).
Erickson was the principal investigator of a research The Fourth National Conference on Modeling and
project, Modeling and Role-Modeling with Alzheimer’s Role-Modeling Theory and Paradigm, held in Boston
Patients, funded by the National Institutes of Health, in October 1992, demonstrated the breadth and depth
National Center for Nursing Research. This research of the use and research for the Modeling and Role-
project included 10 other investigators. Results sup- Modeling Theory. Presentations included studies
ported the constructs of self-care knowledge, adaptive based in critical care units and community-based
potential, and AI (H. Erickson, personal communica- practice, in multiple types of educational settings, and
tion, July 1, 1992). across the age span. In 2010, nurses from all over the
Numerous graduate students have used the Mod- United States as well as Egypt, Canada, South Africa,
eling and Role-Modeling Theory as a basis for China, and Great Britain attended the conference
theses and dissertations. In addition, extensive work held in San Antonio, Texas. The international biennial
has been published that substantiates many of the conferences continue to provide an opportunity for