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506 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

Acceptance by the Nursing Community July 6, 1992). Nurses at Brigham and Women’s Hospi-
tal use an adaptation of the assessment tool developed
Practice at the University of Michigan Medical Center. At the
The book Modeling and Role-Modeling: A Theory and Fourth National Conference on Modeling and Role-
Paradigm for Nursing (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, Modeling (Boston, October 1992) implementation of
2002), chapters in nursing theory texts, and published the professional practice model at Brigham and
research studies have exposed nurses in practice to Women’s Hospital and case studies were first pre-
this theory. Based on the applicability and interest in sented by the staff nurses (J. James, personal commu-
using this theory to guide holistic nursing practice, nication, July 6, 1992). Nurses at the University of
the Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory has been Pittsburgh Medical Center, Children’s Hospital of the
implemented in many hospitals throughout the country. University of Wisconsin at Madison, University of
For example, nurses on surgical units at the Univer- Tennessee Medical Center in Knoxville, Oregon Health
sity of Michigan Medical Center use an assessment Sciences University Hospital, University Health Sys-
tool based on the Modeling and Role-Modeling The- tem in San Antonio, Texas, Salina Regional Health
ory. The tool is used to gather information to identify Center, and other hospitals and state agencies across
the client’s need assets, deficits, developmental resid- the United States have also adopted the Modeling
ual, attachment-loss and grief status, and potential and Role-Modeling Theory as the foundation for
therapeutic interventions (see Appendix at the end of their professional practice. Finally, the theory has
this chapter) (Bowman, 1998; H. Erickson, personal provided a theoretical foundation for the implemen-
communication, 1988). tation of nursing projects and care in diverse settings
Helen Erickson has lectured extensively, nationally (Alligood, 2011; Haylock, 2008, 2010; Raudonis &
and internationally, and held one-on-one consultations Acton, 1997; ).
with nurses from various practice and educational
backgrounds. Nurses who practice in adult health; case Education
management; community health; critical and intensive The Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory is intro-
care; infant, adolescent, and family health; gerontology; duced into the curriculum in nursing programs
mental health; emergency rooms; and hospices use this throughout the country. Faculty members have con-
theory. The beauty of the theory is that it can be applied tacted and continue to contact Erickson regarding the
within any setting and with any population. Erickson use of the theory in their curricula and for specific
noted that what seemed to be a revolutionary idea as courses. Metropolitan State University in St. Paul,
recently as 1972 (calling for the client to be the head Minnesota, selected Modeling and Role-Modeling as
of the healthcare team) has gained acceptance, as has the conceptual framework for their curriculum, and
the notion that nurses can practice independently students are taught theory-based practice throughout
(H. Erickson, personal communication, November the program. Other programs that use Modeling
1984). According to Erickson, negative responses to and Role-Modeling Theory as a basis for curriculum
the theory came from individuals who cannot accept include but are not limited to: St. Catherine’s Univer-
the idea of listening to the client first, or who do not sity in St. Paul, Minnesota; the Alternate Entry Master’s
take the concept of holism seriously (H. Erickson, per- nursing program at the University of Texas at Austin;
sonal communication, November 1984). the University of Texas at Brownsville; Lamar Univer-
Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston has sity, Joanne Gay Dishman Department of Nursing in
used the Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory as a Beaumont, Texas; State University of New York at
theoretical basis for the professional practice model Buffalo; University of Tennessee at Knoxville; Capital
for years. The nurses use the theory as a framework to University in Columbus, Ohio; and Foo Yin College
structure care planning and case conferences. Jenny of Nursing and Medical Technology in Taiwan.
James, former vice president for nursing, stated that
“consistency of language, the way care is talked about Research
and planned” is one of the major advantages of using Nurses throughout the world use Modeling and
this theoretical basis (J. James, personal communication, Role-Modeling as the theoretical framework for their