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CHAPTER 25 Helen C. Erickson, Evelyn M. Tomlin, and Mary Ann P. Swain 505

a theory-based nursing assessment (Finch, 1990),
and the Hopkins Clinical Assessment of the APAM Theoretical Assertions
(Hopkins, 1995). The theoretical assertions of the Modeling and Role-
Modeling Theory are based on the linkages between
Major Assumptions completion of developmental tasks and basic needs
satisfaction; among basic needs satisfaction, object
Nursing attachment and loss, and developmental tasks; and
“The nurse is a facilitator, not an effector. Our nurse- between the ability to mobilize coping resources and
client relationship is an interactive, interpersonal need satisfaction. Three generic theoretical assertions
process that aids the individual to identify, mobilize, constitute theoretical linkages implied in the theory
and develop his or her own strengths to achieve as follows:
a perceived optimal state of health and well-being” 1. “The degree to which developmental tasks are
(H. Erickson, personal communication, 2004). Rogers resolved is dependent on the degree to which
(1996) has defined this relationship as facilitative- human needs are satisfied” (Erickson, Tomlin, &
affiliation. The five aims of nursing interventions are Swain, 2002, p. 87).
to build trust, affirm and promote client strengths, 2. “The degree to which needs are satisfied by object
promote positive orientation, facilitate perceived attachment depends on the availability of those
control, and set health-directed mutual goals (Erickson, objects and the degree to which they provide com-
Tomlin, & Swain, 2002). fort and security as opposed to threat and anxiety”
(Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983, p. 90).
Person 3. “An individual’s potential for mobilizing resources,
Differentiation is made between patients and clients the person’s state of coping according to the APAM,
in this theory. A patient is given treatment and in- is directly associated with the person’s need satis-
struction; a client participates in his or her own care. faction level” (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 2002,
“Our goal is for nurses to work with clients” (Erickson, p. 91).
Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, p. 21). “A client is one who is
considered to be a legitimate member of the decision-
making team, who always has some control over Logical Form
the planned regimen, and who is incorporated into The Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory was formu-
the planning and implementation of his or her own lated using retroductive thinking. The theorists went
care as much as possible” (Erickson, Kinney, Stone, through four levels of theory development and then
et al., 1990, p. 20; Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, cycled from inductive to deductive to inductive to
p. 253). deductive reasoning (H. Erickson, personal communi-
cation, March 30, 1988). Erickson identified theoretical
Health concepts and relationships to label and define her
“Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well- practice-based observations. These observations were
being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. then tested within the context of the theoretical bases
It connotates a state of dynamic equilibrium among identified. Integration and synthesis of the theoretical
the various subsystems [of a holistic person]” (Erickson, concepts and linkages with the clinical observations
Tomlin, & Swain, 2002, p. 46). resulted in the development of a “new multidimen-
sional theory and paradigm for nursing—Modeling
Environment and Role-modeling” (H. Erickson, personal communi-
“Environment is not identified in the theory as an cation, November 1984). Modeling and Role-Modeling
entity of its own. The theorists see environment in the may be viewed as a theory and a paradigm according
social subsystems as the interaction between self and to Merton (1968), who said that paradigms “provide
others both cultural and individual. Biophysical stress- a compact arrangement of central concepts and their
ors are seen as part of the environment” (H. Erickson, interrelations that are utilized for description and
personal communication, March 30, 1988). analysis” (p. 70).