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556 UNIT V Middle Range Nursing Theories

faculty in the Department of Nursing at the California Fulbright Award. She has been a visiting scholar at
State University at Los Angeles, rising from assistant many institutions throughout North America, includ-
professor to full professor. She practiced as a nurse ing University of Nebraska, University of Texas at
therapist in community and private practice settings Houston, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Uni-
from 1973 to 1979. After completing her doctorate in versity of South Carolina, University of Rochester,
social psychology, Mishel became associate professor Yale University, and McGill University. Mishel was
at the University of Arizona College of Nursing in doctoral program consultant for the University of
1981 and full professor in 1988. She was Division Cincinnati College of Nursing from 1991 to 1992 and
Head of Mental Health Nursing from 1984 to 1991. Rutgers University School of Nursing in 1993. In
While at Arizona, Mishel received numerous intra- 2004, she received the Linnea Henderson Research
mural and extramural research grants that supported Fellowship Program Award from the Kent State
the continued development of the theoretical frame- University School of Nursing. Over the last 20 years,
work of uncertainty in illness. During this period, she she has presented more than 80 invited addresses at
continued practicing as a nurse therapist with the schools of nursing throughout the United States and
heart transplant program at the University Medical Canada. With growing international interest in her
Center. She was inducted as a fellow in the American theory and measurement models, Mishel conducted
Academy of Nursing in 1990. an International Symposium on Uncertainty at
Mishel moved back east in 1991 and joined the Kyungpook National University in Daegu, South
faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Korea, was a visiting scholar at Mahidol University in
Hill School of Nursing as professor, and she was Bangkok, Thailand, and delivered the keynote address
awarded the endowed Kenan Professor of Nursing for the Japanese Society of Nursing Research annual
Chair in 1994. Friends of the National Institute of convention, in Sapporo, Japan.
Nursing Research presented her with a Research Mishel is a member of many professional organiza-
Merit Award in 1997 and invited her to present her tions, including the American Academy of Nursing,
research as an exemplar of federally funded nursing Sigma Theta Tau International, the American Psycho-
intervention studies at a Congressional Breakfast logical Association, the American Nurses Association,
in 1999. She is Director of the T-32 Institutional the Society of Behavioral Medicine, the Oncology
National Research Service Award Training Grant, Nursing Society, the Southern Nursing Research Soci-
Interventions for Preventing and Managing Chronic ety, and the Society for Education and Research in
Illness that awards predoctoral and postdoctoral fel- Psychiatric Nursing. She served as a grant reviewer
lowships to nurses who are interested in developing for the National Cancer Institute, the National Center
interventions for underserved chronically ill patients. for Nursing Research, and the National Institute on
Mishel’s research program is noteworthy for being Aging, and she was a charter member of the study sec-
funded continually by the National Institutes of tion on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the
Health from 1984 through 2011. Each research grant National Institute of Mental Health.
has built upon findings from prior studies to move
systematically toward theoretically derived scientifi-
cally tested nursing interventions. Currently Mishel is Theoretical Sources
co-leader of the Hillman Scholars Program designed When Mishel began her research into uncertainty,
to produce a new generation of nurse innovators with the concept had not been applied in the health and
knowledge and research skills to solve complex health illness context. Her original Uncertainty in Illness
problems and improve patient care. Theory (Mishel, 1988) drew from existing informa-
Among her many awards, Mishel received a Sigma tion-processing models (Warburton, 1979) and per-
Theta Tau International Sigma Xi Chapter Nurse sonality research (Budner, 1962) from psychology
Research Predoctoral Fellowship from 1977 to 1979 that characterized uncertainty as a cognitive state
and received the Mary Opal Wolanin Research Award resulting from insufficient cues with which to form
in 1986. In 1987, Mishel was first alternate for a a cognitive schema or internal representation of a