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46 UNIT I Evolution of Nursing Theories

BOX 5-1 Henderson’s 14 Needs Henderson’s work is viewed as a nursing philosophy
of purpose and function.
​ 1.​ Breathe normally.
​ 2.​ Eat and drink adequately. Faye Glenn Abdellah
​ 3.​ Eliminate body wastes.
​ 4.​ Move and maintain desirable postures. Twenty-One Nursing Problems
​ 5.​ Sleep and rest. Faye Glenn Abdellah is recognized as a leader in the
​ 6.​ Select suitable clothes; dress and undress. development of nursing research and nursing as a
​ 7.​ Maintain body temperature within a normal profession within the Public Health Service (PHS) and
range by adjusting clothing and modifying as an international expert on health problems. She was
the environment. named a “living legend” by the American Academy of
​ 8.​ Keep the body clean and well groomed and Nursing in 1994 and was inducted into the National
protect the integument. Women’s Hall of Fame in 2000 for a lifetime spent
​ 9.​ Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid establishing and leading essential health care pro-
injuring others. grams for the United States. In 2012, Abdellah was
​ 10.​ Communicate with others in expressing inducted into the American Nurses Association Hall
emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. of Fame for a lifetime of contributions to nursing
​ 11.​ Worship according to one’s faith. (ANA News Release, 2012).
​ 12.​ Work in such a way that there is a sense of Abdellah has been active in professional nursing
accomplishment. associations and is a prolific author, with more than
​ 13.​ Play or participate in various forms of 150 publications. During her 40-year career as a
recreation. Commissioned Officer in the U.S. Public Health Ser-
​ 14.​ Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that vice (1949 to 1989), she served as Chief Nurse Officer
leads to normal development and health, and (1970 to 1987) and was the first nurse to achieve the
use the available health facilities. rank of a two-star Flag Officer (Abdellah, 2004) and
From Henderson, V. A. (1991). The nature of nursing: Reflections after 25 years the first woman and nurse Deputy Surgeon General
(pp. 22–23). New York: National League for Nursing Press. (1982 to 1989). After retirement, Abdellah founded
and served as the first dean in the Graduate School of
Nursing, GSN, Uniformed Services University of the
is needed (Harmer and Henderson, 1955, p. 5). Health Sciences (USUHS).
Although she believed that the functions of nurses Abdellah considers her greatest accomplishment
and physicians overlap, Henderson asserted that the being able to “play a role in establishing a foundation
nurse works in interdependence with other health for nursing research as a science” (p. iii). Her book,
care professionals and with the patient. She illustrated Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing, emphasizes
the relative contributions of the health care team in a the science of nursing and has elicited changes
pie graph. throughout nursing curricula. Her work, which is
In The Nature of Nursing: Reflections after 25 Years, based on the problem-solving method, serves as a
Henderson (1991) added addenda to each chapter of vehicle for delineating nursing (patient) problems as
the 1966 edition with changes in her views and opin- the patient moves toward a healthy outcome.
ions. Henderson said of her theory that “the complex- Abdellah views nursing as an art and a science that
ity and quality of the service is limited only by the mold the attitude, intellectual competencies, and
imagination and the competence of the nurse who technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire
interprets it” (Henderson, 2006). Her theory has been and ability to help individuals cope with their health
applied to research in the specialized area of organ needs, whether they are ill or well. She formulated
donation (Nicely & DeLario, 2011) and framed a 21 nursing problems based on a review of nursing
discussion of remembering the art of nursing in a research studies (Box 5-2). She used Henderson’s
technological age (Henderson, 1980; Timmins 2011). 14 basic human needs (see Box 5-1) and nursing