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NOTAS 10 Sobre a pena de morte na Ásia na atualidade, ver 23 BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and
1 Simpósio de Oslo, 8 de dezembro de 2012. Esta alocução JOHNSON, David e ZIMRING, Franklin, The Next Fron­ other Writings, ed. R. Bellamy, Nova Iorque: Cambridge
baseia-se na obra de David Garland intitulada Peculiar tier: National Development, Political Change and the University Press, 1995, editado pela primeira vez 1764.
Institution: America’s Death Penalty in an Age of Aboli­ Death penalty in Asia, Oxford University Press, New 24 Estes direitos foram consagrados na Carta dos Direitos
tion (Harvard University Press, 2010). É possível encon- York, 2009. inglesa de 1689 e pela Lei dos Julgamentos por Trai-
11 Para mais pormenores, ver GARLAND, Peculiar Institu­ ção de 1696. Mais tarde, figurariam na maior parte
trar citações completas e documentos de apoio relativa-
mente ao presente artigo nas notas finais do livro. tion, capítulos 3-5. das novas Constituições do final do século xviii e do
12 SPIERENBURG, Pieter, The Spectacle of Suffering: século xix.
Texto apresentado na Conferência “A Abolição da pena
de Morte (Portugal, 1867)”, no dia 27 de março de 2015 Executions and the Evolution of Repression, Cam- 25 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, capítulo 4.
no Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984; STARR, 26 EVANS, Richard, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punish­
2 Comissão do Estado de Nova Iorque encarregada de Paul, Freedom’s Power: The True Force of Liberalism, ment in Germany 1600­1987, Oxford: Oxford University
investigar e comunicar os métodos mais humanos e Nova Iorque: Basic Books 2007; HUNT, Lynn, Inven­ Press, 1996.
mais expeditos de executar as sentenças de morte, ting Human Rights: A History, New York: Norton, 27 HOOD e HOYLE, Death Penalty. Os protocolos n. os 6 e 13
1888. 2007. à Convenção para a Proteção dos Direitos do Homem
3 BANNER, Stuart, The Death Penalty: An American His­ 13 TILLY, Charles, Coercion, Capital and European States, (1983 e 2002) proíbem a pena de morte, tal como o
tory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2003. AD 990­1992, Cambridge, Blackwell, 1992. Segundo Protocolo Facultativo ao Pacto Internacional
4 SHARPE, James, Judicial Punishment in England, Lon- 14 HOOD e HOYLE, The Death Penalty. sobre os Direitos Civis e Políticos (PIDCP), aprovado em
dres: Faber and Faber, 1990, 33; VAN DULMAN, Richard, 15 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution. 1989.
Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern 16 HUNT, Inventing Human Rights. 28 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution.
Germany, Oxford: Polity, 1990; MERBACK, Mitchell, The 17 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution; BANNER, The Death 29 Um estudo cronológico de Neumayer conclui que a
Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle Penalty; Randall MCGOWAN, “The Body and Punish- abolição da pena capital coincidiu com a ascensão
of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, Chi- ment in Eighteenth-Century England”, Journal of da democracia e que a abolição generalizada após a
cago, University of Chicago Press, 1999. Modern History 59, 1987; V.A.C. GATRELL, The Han­ II Guerra Mundial foi um processo fundamentalmente
5 EVANS, Richard, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punish­ ging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770­1868, político. NEUMAYER, Eric, “Death Penalty: The Politi-
ment in Germany 1600­1987, Oxford: Oxford University Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. cal Foundations of the Global Trend Toward Abolition”
Press, 1996, p. 50; SHARPE, James, Judicial Punishment 18 SMITH, Philip, Punishment and Culture, University of (texto por publicar, 2006).
in England, Londres: Faber and Faber, 1990, 31; OTTER- Chicago Press, Chicago, 2008. 30 HOOD e HOYLE, Death Penalty.
BEIN, Ultimate Coercive Sanction. 19 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, capítulo 5. 31 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, capítulo 2.
6 ROYER, Katherine, “The Body in Parts: Reading the 20 STARR, Freedom’s Power. 32 Sobre a ascensão da sensibilidade humanística, ver
Execution in Late Medieval England”, Historical Reflec­ 21 HOLMES, Stephen, Passions and Constraints: On the HASKELL, Thomas, “Capitalism and the Origins of
tions/Réflexions Historiques 29: 323, 2003. Theory of Liberal Democracy, Chicago: University of Humanitarian Sensibility”, in BENDER, Tom, (ed.), The
7 EVANS, Rituals of Retribution. Chicago Press, 1995. Antislavery Debate Capitalism and Abolitionism as a
8 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, capítulo 3. 22 MCMANNERS, John, Death and the Enlightenment: Problem in Historical Interpretation, Berkeley: Univer-
9 BANNER, The Death Penalty; HOOD, Roger e HOYLE, Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and sity of California Press, 1992; BENDER, John, Imagining
Carolyn, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, Unbelievers in Eighteenth Century France, Nova Iorque: the Penitentiary: Fiction and the Architecture of Mind
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford University Press, 1981. in 18 Century England, Chicago: University of Chicago
th
NOTES Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 23 BECCARIA, Cesare, On Crimes and Punishments and
10 On the death penalty in Asia today, see JOHNSON, David other Writings, ed. R. Bellamy, New York: Cambridge
1 Oslo Symposium, 8 th December 2012. This lecture
draws upon David Garland, Peculiar Institution: Amer­ and ZIMRING, Franklin, The Next Frontier: National University Press, 1995, first published in 1764.
ica’s Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition (Harvard Development, Political Change and the Death penalty in 24 These rights were embodied in the English Bill of
University Press, 2010). Full citations and supporting Asia, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009. Rights of 1689 and the Treason Trials Act of 1696.
evidence for the present paper can be found in the 11 For details, see GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, chap- Later they featured in most of the new constitutions
book’s endnotes. ters 3-5. of the late 18 th and 19 th centuries.
12 SPIERENBURG, Pieter, The Spectacle of Suffering: Exe­ 25 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, chapter 4.
Paper presented at the conference “A Abolição da cutions and the Evolution of Repression, Cambridge: 26 EVANS, Richard, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punish­
pena de Morte (Portugal, 1867)”, on 27 March 2015 at
the Torre do Tombo National Archives. Cambridge University Press, 1984; STARR, Paul, Free­ ment in Germany 1600­1987, Oxford: Oxford University
2 New York State Commission to Investigate and Report dom’s Power: The True Force of Liberalism, New York: Press, 1996.
Basic Books 2007; HUNT, Lynn, Inventing Human 27 HOOD and HOYLE, Death Penalty. Protocols 6 and 13 of
the Most Humane and Practical Methods of Carrying Rights: A History, New York: Norton, 2007. the European Convention on Human Rights (1983 and
into Effect the Sentence of Death, 1888. 13 TILLY, Charles, Coercion, Capital and European States, 2002) prohibit the death penalty, as does the United
3 BANNER, Stuart, The Death Penalty: An American His­
AD 990­1992, Cambridge, Blackwell, 1992. Nations’ 2 nd Optional Protocol to the International
tory, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2003. 14 HOOD and HOYLE, The Death Penalty. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which
4 SHARPE, James, Judicial Punishment in England, Lon-
15 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution. was passed in 1989.
don: Faber and Faber, 1990, 33; VAN DULMAN, Richard, 16 HUNT, Inventing Human Rights. 28 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution.
Theatre of Horror: Crime and Punishment in Early Modern 17 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution; BANNER, The Death 29 A time-series study by Neumayer finds that capital pun-
Germany, Oxford: Polity, 1990; MERBACK, Mitchell, The Penalty; Randall MCGOWAN, “The Body and Punish- ishment abolition coincided with the rise of democracy
Thief, the Cross and the Wheel: Pain and the Spectacle ment in Eighteenth-Century England,” Journal of and that the widespread abolition after World War II
of Punishment in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, Chi- Modern History 59, 1987; V.A.C. GATRELL, The Han­ was a fundamentally political process. NEUMAYER, Eric,
cago, University of Chicago Press, 1999. ging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770­1868, “Death Penalty: The Political Foundations of the Global
5 EVANS, Richard, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punish­ Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Trend Toward Abolition”, (unpublished manuscript,
ment in Germany 1600­1987, Oxford: Oxford University 18 SMITH, Philip, Punishment and Culture, University of 2006).
Press, 1996, p. 50; SHARPE, James, Judicial Punishment Chicago Press, Chicago, 2008. 30 HOOD and HOYLE, Death Penalty.
in England, London: Faber and Faber, 1990, 31; OTTER- 19 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, chapter 5. 31 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, chapter 2.
BEIN, Ultimate Coercive Sanction. 20 STARR, Freedom’s Power. 32 On the rise of humanitarian sensibilities, see HASKELL,
6 ROYER, Katherine, “The Body in Parts: Reading the 21 HOLMES, Stephen, Passions and Constraints: On the Thomas, “Capitalism and the Origins of Humanitarian
Execution in Late Medieval England,” Historical Reflec­ Theory of Liberal Democracy, Chicago: University of Chi- Sensibility,” in BENDER, Tom, (ed.), The Antislavery
tions/Réflexions Historiques 29: 323, 2003. cago Press, 1995. Debate Capitalism and Abolitionism as a Problem in
7 EVANS, Rituals of Retribution. 22 MCMANNERS, John, Death and the Enlightenment: Historical Interpretation, Berkeley: University of Califor-
8 GARLAND, Peculiar Institution, chapter 3.
Changing Attitudes to Death among Christians and nia Press, 1992; BENDER, John, Imagining the Peniten­
9 BANNER, The Death Penalty; HOOD, Roger and HOYLE, Unbelievers in Eighteenth Century France, New York: tiary: Fiction and the Architecture of Mind in 18 th Century
Carolyn, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective, Oxford University Press, 1981. England, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989;
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