Page 48 - (DK Eyewitness) Travel Guide - Hungary

46  INTRODUCING HUNGAR Y THE HIST OR Y OF HUNGAR Y  47

permanent bridge across the Danube, once Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria,
the Chain Bridge. Lajos Kossuth, another and King Ferenc József of Hungary. Half
outstanding Hungarian of the era, called a century of progress followed, crowned
Széchenyi the greatest Hungarian. when Budapest hosted the Millennium
In 1847, Kossuth formally established the Exhibition in 1896.
The Founding of the Academy, bas-relief by Barnabás Holló Opposition Party, an umbrella organization
that sought Hungarian independence. On War, Regency and Holocaust
National Revival 15 March 1848, during a tumultuous spring In World War I, hundreds of thousands
Ferenc I (1792–1835) was far more – when the whole of Europe seemed to of Hungarians died fighting with the
conservative than Joseph II. It was during explode in revolution – Sándor Petőfi, one Germans and Austrians. After defeat in Deportation of Hungarian Jews in World War II
his reign, however, that the Hungarian of the greatest Hungarian poets, read his 1918, a revolution broke out in Budapest
aristocracy first began to promote the Twelve Points manifesto for liberal reform in October. A republic was proclaimed, Horthy committed forces to the invasion of
ideas of liberalism, and with them a from the steps of the National Museum. headed by Count Mihály Károlyi. He was first Yugoslavia, then the Soviet Union. Many
national consciousness. The donation of Vienna initially agreed to talks, but after the overthrown by Bolsheviks, led by Béla Hungarians were killed on the Eastern Front.
a substantial arts collection to the state Austrians had quelled their own revolt in Kun, in March 1919. Kun proclaimed When Horthy tried to negotiate a separate
at this time enabled the foundation of a Septem ber, they confronted the Hun garian the Communist Hungarian Republic of peace with the Allies, Hitler replaced him
Hungarian national library and museum. reformers, and armed conflict lasting almost Councils, and killed all those who opposed with the Hungarian Nazi Arrow Cross party.
Many noblemen supplemented their a year ensued. The fate of the reformers its policies. Only the intervention of The first Hungarian Jews had been
income from civil occupations, and was finally sealed by an alliance between Romanian troops, led by Hungarian Admiral deported in June 1941, on the orders of
formed a genuine political movement. Emperor Franz Joseph I and Russian Tsar Miklós Horthy, ended the “Red Terror”. prime minister László Bárdossy de Bárdos,
Probably their greatest champion was Alexander II. A 200,000-strong Russian In the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, vast areas who believed that this act would keep
István Széchenyi, a liberal nobleman who force quickly defeated the Hungarians, of Hun gary were awarded to Romania, the German troops out of Hungary. In the
believed that the prime cause of Hungary’s who surrendered on 13 August 1849. new state of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. summer of 1942, however, Horthy replaced
relative back wardness was the feudal Horthy became regent. His two decades Bárdossy with the less viciously anti-Semitic
system rather than subordination to Absolutism and Compromise in power were marked by economic and Miklós Kállay. Kállay did not repeal any of
Vienna. Széchenyi was also associated Hungary was now entirely subsumed by social stagnation, as well as fierce anti- Bárdossy’s legislation, but he prevented
with the foundation of the Hungarian the Habsburg Empire. The political elite, Semitism. When war broke out in 1939, any further large-scale deportations of
Academy of Sciences, the advent of rail led by diplomat Ferenc Deák, could offer Hitler offered Hungary half of Transylvania as Jews. After the German invasion of March
transport and the construction of the first little more than passive resistance. Deák reward for siding with Germany, and in 1941 1944, Kállay was himself sent to Dachau
managed to keep the dialogue with Vienna concentration camp in one of the last
open. By 1866, when Austria had become deportations of Jews, Gypsies and political
isolated internationally after a series of criminals. SS chief Adolf Eichmann oversaw
wars, Vienna was ready to talk about the deportations in Hungary. By August
some kind of compromise. 1944, when Horthy put a stop to them,
Deák led the Hungarian delegation, and 440,000 Jews had gone, mainly to
the Habsburg Empire agreed to transform Auschwitz, despite the efforts of Raoul
itself into a federation. The parts of the Wallen berg and others (see p79). Indeed,
federation, Austria and Hungary, would a third of all those killed at Auschwitz
Lajos Kossuth’s speech during the revolution of 1848 be equal and separate, with the emperor at Signing of the Treaty of Trianon at Versailles, 1920 throughout the war were Hungarian Jews.

1802 Count Ferenc Széchényi donation 1847 Lajos Kossuth forms the 1920 Hungary signs the Treaty of 1941 Hungary joins the war on the side
forms the basis of the Széchényi National Opposition Party, which openly 1867 After defeat by Russia 1896 Continental Europe’s first Trianon, and is at a stroke stripped of the Axis Powers, ostensibly to recover
Library and Hungarian National Museum. calls for independence. a weak Austria accepts a underground railway opens in of more than half its territory. territory lost in 1920.
compromise, and Budapest. The city hosts a massive
1817 The first steamboat 1846 Hungary’s first rail way Hungarian independence exhibition to celebrate the 1916 Charles IV is crowned King 1939 Hungary declares neutrality at
sails on the Danube. links Pest with Vác. in the Dual Monarchy. Hungarian Millennium. of Hungary. the outbreak of World War II.
1850
1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925
1808 The Embellish- 1809 The Habsburg Royal Court 1848 The Hungarian Uprising against 1873 Buda, Óbuda Buda, Óbuda 1919 Brief Bolshevik 1944 Germany invades Hungary,
1873
ment Commission is moves to Buda as Napoleon the Habsburgs begins on 15 March and P rule under Béla Kun is Horthy is replaced by Ferenc Szálasi,
and Pest merge to est merge to
established, led advances across Europe. He after poet Sándor Petőfi reads his f form a single city: orm a single city: ended by Admiral the leader of the Arrow Cross, a
by Governor offers independence but the Twelve Points from the steps of the Budapest. Béla Kun, Miklós Horthy. Hungarian Nazi organization. The
Budapest.
Archduke Joseph. Hungarians side with Vienna. Poet Sándor National Museum. politician and subsequent Holocaust costs nearly half
Petőfi (1823–49) revolutionary of all Jews their lives.
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