Page 29 - All About History - Issue 59-17

ne vivid image of Viking raiders has
endured over the centuries: rampant,
bloodthirsty warriors emerging from
Otheir terrifying longships to ravage
villages and towns, terrorising, killing without
mercy and ransacking holy places of their precious
and treasured possessions. To their terrified
victims they were unruly savages, seemingly
governed only by their thirst for battle and desire
for gold and land.
Yet behind the wild and uncontrollable image
there lies a different story: men and women from
an ordered society that had structure and a deeply
rooted desire for fairness and justice. Punishments
could be severely disproportionate to the crime —
just calling someone a coward could see you have
to fight them to the death — but the Viking legal
system was based on a legislative assembly where
all free men had a say and trials were carried out
with a jury of your peers.
We use the term Vikings broadly, but its
wrong to think of these people as a single group
from a single place. In the Viking Age, as now,
Scandinavia was a complex collection of countries,
each with their own slightly different variation Tyr and Fenrir depicted in an
of a deeper shared culture and belief system, as Icelandic manuscript
well as their own ambitions and plans. Even these
individual nations contained multitudes: beset by What evolved through the Viking Age was the
clan feuds, political factions in the warrior class Thing — a public gathering that would provide the Divine
and bitter disputes between individuals. opportunity for all people to express their views
The need for laws and a system that was and settle disputes. New laws were made at the judgement 29
acceptable and workable for all was essential. In Allthing, an annual event where the opinions of
a society made up of farmers and warriors, often the entire population could be heard on topics
spread over vast distances, there was a dire need such as taxes, deciding and confirming who The saga of Tyr and Fenrir
for something to draw these disparate people was king, and even peace treaties. The Allthing helped engrain a sense of
together, to maintain discipline among themselves would also be a chance to trade between distant, justice into Norse culture
and unity against others. scattered settlements and host religious festivals.
The importance of stories and sagas, especially about
Holmgangs took place to settle the exploits of the gods, was deeply ingrained into
local disputes in Scandinavia Viking society. The tales inspired and guided them as
to how they should live their lives. The story of Tyr and
Fenrir is a good example of the Viking sense of justice.
It was prophesised that the giant wolf Fenrir would
devour the god Odin, so the gods set out to capture
him. They instructed dwarves to create magical chains,
each stronger than the last, to bind Fenrir, telling the
wolf that they would test his strength. But upon seeing
them, the cunning wolf became suspicious.
Then Fenrir, son of the trickster god Loki, had an
idea. He said that he would only allow himself to be
bound if one of the gods placed their hand in the wolf’s
mouth as an act of good faith. Tyr, the god of war, law
and order, was the only one brave enough to volunteer.
As expected, when Fenrir realised he could not escape
the magical bonds, he promptly bit off Tyr’s hand.
Tyr’s actions were the embodiment of truth and
justice to the Vikings. The gods had pledged an oath to
the beast that had to be fulfilled and, as grisly as it may
have been, Tyr saw his sacrifice as the only way in which
justice could be served. In Viking society, the breaking
of an oath was held in great contempt. The story of Tyr
and Fenrir was the foundation of their unwavering belief
in the strength of fairness and justice. Whether it was
because of the legend or a reason the detail was added
to the story, it was also forbidden to bind another
person unless they had committed a crime.