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Chemistry Form 4 • MODULE

Strong forces between the

Very strong forces particles but weaker than Weak forces between
Attractive forces between the between the particles. the forces in the solid. the perticles
particles Daya tarikan yang kuat lemah
Daya tarikan antara zarah Daya tarikan yang sangat kuat antara zarah-zarah tetapi Daya tarikan yang
antara zarah-zarah. antara zarah-zarah.
lebih lemah berbanding di
dalam pepejal.
Energy content is higher
Energy content is very low . than solid but less than in a Energy content is very
Energy content of the particles gas. high.
Kandungan tenaga zarah Kandungan tenaga sangat Kandungan tenaga lebih tinggi Kandungan tenaga sangat
rendah .
daripada pepejal tetapi tinggi.
lebih rendah daripada gas.

6 Changes in the state of matter
Perubahan keadaan jirim
(a) Matter undergoes change of state when heat energy is absorbed or released/lose :
Jirim mengalami perubahan keadaan apabila tenaga haba di serap atau di bebaskan :

(i) When heat energy is absorbed by the matter (it is heated), the kinetic energy of the particles
increases and they vibrate faster.

Apabila tenaga haba diserap oleh jirim (semasa dipanaskan), tenaga kinetik zarah bertambah
dan zarah tersebut bergerak dengan lebih cepat.
(ii) When matter releases heat energy (it is cooled), the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and
they vibrate less vigorously.
Apabila tenaga haba dibebaskan oleh jirim (semasa disejukkan), tenaga kinetik zarah berkurang dan
zarah tersebut bergerak kurang cergas.
(b) Inter - conversion of the states of matter:
Perubahan keadaan jirim:
Melting / Peleburan Boiling/Evoporation / Pendidihan/Penyejatan
Solid Liquid Gas
Pepejal Cecair Gas
Freezing / Pembekuan Condensation / Kondensasi

7 Determination of melting and freezing points of naphthalene
Penentuan takat lebur dan takat beku naftalena
Materials / Bahan: Naphthalene powder, water
Apparatus / Radas: Boiling tube, conical flask, beaker, retort stand, thermometer 0 – 100°C, stopwatch,
Bunsen burner and wire gauze

Procedure / Prosedur:
I. Heating of naphthalene / Pemanasan naftalena
Set-up of apparatus: / Susunan radas:

Thermometer / Termometer
Boiling tube / Tabung didih
Water / Air
Naphthalene / Naftalena

Heat
Haba

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